Liquids measuring

Nienow and Conti (1978) developed a model of partiele abrasion at high solids eoneentration based on Rittinger s law of eomminution. When tested experimentally using eopper sulphate and niekel ammonium sulphate erystals in two non-solvent liquids, measured abrasion rates were eonsistent with a seeond-order dependenee of eoneentration as predieted (Figure 5.12). 

Flussigkeits-. liquid, fluid, hydraulic, hydrostatic. -bad, n. liquid bath, -dichtemesser, m. hydrometer, -druck, m. pressure of a liquid, hydrostatic pressure, -ffirderung, /. conveyance of liquids, -gemisch, n. mixture of liquids, liquid mixture, -grad, m. degree of fluidity viscosity. -gradmesser, m. viscosimeter. -Unse, /. (Micros.) immersion objective, -mass, n. liquid measure, -menge. 

Ngo et al. [24] have shown that the thermal decomposition of ionic liquids, measured by TGA, varies depending on the sample pans used. Increased stabilization of up to 50 °C was obtained in some cases on changing from aluminium to alumina sample pans. 

In most applications, it is relatively straightforward to confirm the total elevation change of the pumped liquid. Measure all vertical rises and drops in the discharge piping, then calculate the total difference between the pump s centerline and the final delivery point. 

The weight of the earth s atmosphere pushing down on each unit of surface constitutes atmospheric pressure, which is 14.7 psi at sea level. This amount of pressure is called one atmosphere. Because the atmosphere is not evenly distributed about earth, atmospheric pressure can vary, depending upon geographic location. Also, obviously, atmospheric pressure decreases with higher altitude. A barometer using the height of a column of mercury or other suitable liquid measures atmospheric pressure. 

Appendix D provides metric-apothecary equivalents and conversions. This guide covers liquid measurements weights Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures and a comparative scale of measures, weights, and temperatures. 

C. S. Chaw, E. Yazaki, D. F. Evans. The effect of pH change on the gastric emptying of liquids measured by electrical impedance tomography and pH-sensitive radiotelemetry capsule. Int. J. Pharm. 2001, 227, 167-175. 

The association of aluminum alkyls provides a good opportunity to illustrate the principles discussed in Chapter 6 in regard to properties of liquids. Measurements of the molecular weights in benzene solutions indicate that the methyl, ethyl, and n-propyl compounds are completely dimerized. However, the heat of dissociation of (A1R3)2 dimers varies with nature of the alkyl group as shown by the following heats of dissociation ... 

Parallax error is one of the main sources of error in liquid measurements. Figure 4.2 illustrates that the liquid surface in a container is not even, and a meniscus is formed. For most liquids the surface is concave. The uneven surface is due to surface tension, and if not read properly, may result in an error commonly known as parallax error. When a container with graduations for volumes has a liquid in it, the reading must always be made at the bottom of the meniscus. The parallax error is shown in Figure 4.2. 

Common containers for liquid measurements include cylindrical and conical graduates for quantities of 500 mL or less, pipets for quantities of one mL or less, and a medicinal dropper for still smaller quantities. The calibration and use of medicinal droppers is explained in Chapter 2. 

As with the weighing of solids on a prescription balance, there are limitations to liquid measuring devices as well. For example, assume that only one pipet having graduations from one to ten milliliters is available, and it is desired to measure one fluid ounce. In such a case, one ounce can be measured by measuring 10 mL three times. Measurement of volumes less than that of the... 

Volume of liquid measured x The multiple number = Total volume of the stock solution... 

The shear-mode acoustic wave sensor, when operated in liquids, measures mass accumulation in the form of a resonant frequency shift, and it measures viscous perturbations as shifts in both frequency and dissipation. The limits of device operation are purely rigid (elastic) or purely viscous interfaces. The addition of a purely rigid layer at the solid-liquid interface will result a frequency shift with no dissipation. The addition of a purely viscous layer will result in frequency and dissipation shifts, in opposite directions, where both of these shifts will be proportional to the square root of the liquid density-viscosity product v Pifti-... 

The hot-wire anemometer can be modified for liquid measurements, although difficulties are encountered because of bubbles and dirt adhering to the wire. See Stevens, Borden, and Strausser, David Taylor Model Basin Rep. 953, December 1956 Middlebrook and Piret, Ind. Eng. Chem., 42, 1511-1513 (1950) and Piret et al., Ind. Eng. Chem., 39,1098-1103 (1947). 

Oral Solution [Sandimmune 50-ml bofllewilh calibrafed liquid measuring device. 

However, the methods presented in this article do not give the big picture of techniques available to colloid scientists. A host of methods had to be left out for brevity s sake, including fields as imporfanf as rheology [10], which concerns ifself wifh fhe flow characferisfics of liquids, measurements of the electric conductivity, and surface tension, to name but a few. 

Kato, R. and Gmehling, J., Systems with ionic liquids measurements of VLE and data and prediction of their thermodynamic behavior using original UNIFAC, mod. UNIFAC(Do) and COSMO-RS(Ol), /. Chem. Thermodyn., 37, 603, 2005. 

Shariati, A. and Peters, C. J., High-pressure phase behavior of systems with ionic liquids Measurements and modeling of the binary system fluoroform + l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, /. Supercrit. Fluids, 25, 109, 2003. 

Baltus, R. E. et al.. Low-pressure solubility of carbon dioxide in room-temperature ionic liquids measured with a quartz crystal microbalance, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 721,2004. 

The volume of a cylindrical tank may be measured in cubic feet or cubic yards, or you may get to work with liquid measures such as gallons or quarts. tBE Equivalences are used to change from one unit to another. 

Comparison of columns 3 and 7 of Table II shows, as expected, that for all systems except the first, the sample deviations of total pressure are reduced after temperature smoothing. At this point in time no clearcut explanation can be given for the unexpected result for the potassium nitrate system (8). However, the paper reveals that an Othmer still was used to give x and y values only, and these data were subjected to smoothing. The boiling points of synthetic liquid measures were determined separately in a three-necked flask under total reflux. With the other systems of Table II all data were measured in a modified Othmer still. 

When preparing it by the second method, which is mueh the better of the two, two parts of mercury are dissolved in three of strong, sulphuric acid, or better still, four ounces of the metal are acted upon with two ounoee two dmohms, liquid measure, of strong sulphuric acid, to which half a fluid drachm of strong nitric acid is added. 

Finally, a separator volume factor is calculated. It is the volume of separator liquid measured at separator conditions divided by the volume of stock-tank oil at standard conditions, SP bbl/STB. 

In order to relate yx and xu the bubblepoint temperatures are found over a series of values of xv Since the activity coefficients depend on the composition of the liquid and both activity coefficients and vapor pressures depend on the temperature, the calculation requires a respectable effort. Moreover, some vapor-liquid measurements must have been made for evaluation of a correlation of activity coefficients. The method does permit calculation of equilibria at several pressures since activity coefficients are substantially independent of pressure. A useful application is to determine the effect of pressure on azeotropic composition (Walas, 1985, p. 227). 

Estimates of the time period over which processing of a composite is possible, are rather arbitrary and are based on the choice of some level of viscosity, up to which the reactants can be treated as a viscous liquid. Measuring tanS can be useful for this purpose, because it was shown that the most rapid increase in viscosity occurs in the vicinity of values of tanS close to l,57 even if this value does not correspond to the gel-point, as illustrated in Fig. 2.14. Therefore, the position of the point corresponding to tanS = 1 may have different meanings in some cases it is related to gelation, in others, to the maximum increase in viscosity. 

The velocity of a fluid approaching an orifice or nozzle or similar device is called the velocity of approach. For example, consider a large tank, filled with liquid, with a small orifice on its wall, near the bottom. It is assumed that the area of the tank is so large relative to that of the orifice that the velocity at the surface of the liquid (point 1) is negligible. Let the Bernoulli theorem be written between point 1 at the surface and point 2 at the orifice jet discharge, assuming the pressure is the same at both points. Let h equal the height of the liquid, measured from the surface level to the center of the orifice. Then 0 + /i + 0 = 0 + 0 + Vj2/2g, from which... 

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