Petroleum unleaded gasoline

Petroleum Industry Gas chromatography is ideally suited for the analysis of petroleum products, including gasoline, diesel fuel, and oil. A typical chromatogram for the analysis of unleaded gasoline is shown in Figure 12.25d. 

Fuel modification in terms of volatility, hydrocarbon types, or additive content. Some of the fuels currently being used are liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), fuels with alcohol additives, and unleaded gasoline. The supply of some of these fuels is very limited. Other fuel problems involving storage, distribution, and power requirements have to be considered. 

Beginning with the 1975 U.S. automobiles, catalytic converters were added to nearly all models to meet the more restrictive emission standards. Since the lead used in gasoline is a poison to the catalyst used in the converter, a scheduled introduction of unleaded gasoline was also required. The U.S. petroleum industry simultaneously introduced unleaded gasoline into the marketplace. 

A typical futures contract might call for the delivery of 1,()()(1 barrels (42,()00 U.S. gallons) of unleaded gasoline meeting defined specifications at petroleum product terminals in New York Flarbor during the... 

The SVE case history discussed is included as a typical situation, similar to many projects encountered in the field that diverge from the ideal case. The site is located adjacent to a vehicle maintenance building in southern California. A 3000-gal and a 5000-gal UST were used to store unleaded gasoline, and a 550-gal UST was used to store petroleum-based paint thinner (Figure 10.15). To add to the situation, different phases of the project were completed by different consultants, and, due to administrative issues, almost 4 years passed between removal of the USTs and completion of the remediation activities. 

Thomas and Delfino (1991) equilibrated contaminant-free groundwater collected from Cainesville, FL with individual fractions of three individual petroleum products at 24-25 °C for 24 h. The aqueous phase was analyzed for organic compounds via U.S. EPA approved test method 625. Average anthracene concentrations reported in water-soluble fractions of kerosene and diesel fuel were 12 and 25 pg/L, respectively. Anthracene was ND in the water-soluble fraction of unleaded gasoline. 

API. 1983b. Kidney effects of inhaled unleaded gasoline-comprehensive and critical summary of observations in rats and mice. Washington, DC American Petroleum Institute. Document no. 

API. 1988. Unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat primary hepatocytes with PS-6 unleaded gasoline, its evaporation residue and a DMSO extract. Washington, DC American Petroleum Institute. 

Busey WM, Cockrell BY. 1984. Nonneoplastic exposure-related renal lesions in rats following inhalation of unleaded gasoline vapors. In Mehlman MA, Hemstreet GP III, Thorpe JJ, et al., eds. Advances in modern environmental toxicology. Vol. 7 Renal effects of petroleum hydrocarbons. Princeton, NJ Princeton Scientific Publishers, Inc., 57-64. 

Litton Bionetics. 1978. Teratology study in rats Unleaded gasoline. Final report submitted to American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC. Litton Bionetics, Inc., Kensington, MD. 

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