Petroleum. Occurrence Physical properties

This book provides an introduction to the nature, occurrence, physical properties, propagation, and uses of surfactants in the petroleum industry. It is aimed principally at scientists and engineers who may encounter or use surfactants, whether in process design, petroleum production, or research and development. 

This book provides an introduction to the nature, occurrence, physical properties, propagation, and uses of surfactants in the petroleum industry. The primary focus is on applications of the principles of colloid and interface science to surfactant applications in the petroleum industry, and includes attention to practical processes and problems. Books available up to now are either principally theoretical (such as the colloid chemistry texts), much more general (like Rosen s Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena, Myers Surfactant Science and Technology, or Mittal s Solution Chemistry of Surfactants), or else much narrower in scope (like Smith s Surfactant Based Mobility Control). The applications of surfactants in the petroleum industry area are quite diverse and have a great practical importance. The area contains a number of problems of more fundamental interest as well. Surfactants may be applied to advantage in many parts of the petroleum production process in reservoirs, in oilwells, in surface processing operations, and in environmental, health, and safety applications. In each case appropriate knowledge and practices determine both the economic and technical successes of the industrial process concerned. 

Initially, we will be concerned with the physical properties of alkanes and how these properties can be correlated by the important concept of homology. This will be followed by a brief survey of the occurrence and uses of hydrocarbons, with special reference to the petroleum industry. Chemical reactions of alkanes then will be discussed, with special emphasis on combustion and substitution reactions. These reactions are employed to illustrate how we can predict and use energy changes — particularly AH, the heat evolved or absorbed by a reacting system, which often can be estimated from bond energies. Then we consider some of the problems involved in predicting reaction rates in the context of a specific reaction, the chlorination of methane. The example is complex, but it has the virtue that we are able to break the overall reaction into quite simple steps. 

Ethanethiol. Ethyl mercaptan mercaptoethane ethyl sulfhydrate thioethyl alcohol. C,H,S mol wt 62.13. C 38.66%, H 9.74%, S 51,60%. CH2CH,SH. Found in urine of rabbits after ingestion of cabbage. Is formed in vinous fermentation. Occurs in illuminating gas, in sour" natural gas of W. Texas in petroleum distillates from which it may be separated hy chemical or physical methods Thompson et al. Anal Chem. 27, 175 (1955). Frepn from sodium ethyl -sulfate and KSH Klason, Ber. 20, 3407 (1887) catalytically From ethanol and hydrogen sulfide Kramer. Reid. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 43, 880 (1921). Review on occurrence, prepn, properties and reactions E. Emmet Reid. Organic Chemis-... 

---