Products from Petroleum

Several studies have been undertaken to test the suitability of aqueous surfactant solutions for washing petroleum products from sands such as those by the... 

P. E. Chaplanov, A. D. Chemikov, O. G. Mironov, G. N. Semanov, A. G. Svinukhov, A. G. Yaremenko, F. V. Linchevskij, N. A. Melnik, 1. A. Murashev, and I. S. Akhmetzhanov. Removing oils and petroleum products from water surfaces—using mixture of oxyethylated alkyl-phenol, alkyl-phosphate and fatty acid diethanolamine. Patent SU 1325816-A, 1992. 

The third cleanup program, also authorized by the RCRA, addresses contamination resulting from leaks and spills (mainly petroleum products) from underground storage tanks (USTs). This law has compelled cleanup activities at many UST sites. By February 1999, over 385,000 releases had been reported, 327,000 cleanup projects initiated, and 211,000 projects completed. 

Figure A-3 Viscosity of water and liquid petroleum products. From Crane.

An understanding of the chemical types (or composition) in petroleum can lead to an understanding of the chemical aspects of petroleum behavior. Indeed, this is not only a matter of knowing the elemental composition of a feedstock it is also a matter of understanding the bulk properties as they relate to the chemical or physical composition of the material. For example, it is difficult to understand, a priori, the behavior of petroleum and petroleum products from the elemental composition alone, and more information is necessary to understand environmental behavior. 

Zirconium-95 is the most important of the artificial radioactive isotopes of zirconium. It is placed in pipelines to trace the flow of oil and other fluids as they flow through the pipes. It is also used as a catalyst in petroleum-cracking plants that produce petroleum products from crude oil. 

These examples indicate that aggregation and pore-size distribution parameters affect volatilization of petroleum products from a contaminated subsurface. Fine and Yaron (1993) report that kerosene volatilization depends on the type of soil. Tests on four soils with a clay content increasing from 0.3% to 74.4%, and organic matter... 

Abdul, A.S., Gibson, T.L., and Rai D.N. (1990). Selection of surfactants for the removal of petroleum products from shallow sandy aquifers. Ground-water, 28, 920-926. 

Refinery An installation that manufactures finished petroleum products from crude oil, unfinished oils, natural gas liquids, other hydrocarbons and alcohol. 

Petroleum production from subterranean reservoirs can be increased by injecting water as liquid or steam. Various chemicals have been added to the water or steam to increase volumetric sweep efficiency. One alternative is the use of emulsions which serve as diverting agents to correct the override and channeling problems that occur during fluid injection. Laboratory results show that it may be possible to control channeling and steam override with an emulsion blocking technique. The emulsion can be formed with the aid of a surfactant mixture or by use of natural surfactants that exist in some crude oils. Core-... 

ASTM D 4057 (1981) describes a way to get a vertical top-to-bottom sample of petroleum products from a storage tank. A stoppered bottle is dropped vertically all the way to the bottom. Then it is unstoppered and pulled up at such a rate that the bottle is 3/4 full as it emerges from the top. Unfortunately, this is difficult even for a seasoned practitioner. Another way to sample vertically is to take samples from the top, middle, and bottom, also discussed in ASTM D 4057. A stoppered bottle is lowered to the desired depth, the stopper is pulled, the bottle is allowed to fill, and the bottle is raised. These latter samples are easier to obtain because they require little expertise. They also incur less extraction error. They do not give a full vertical cross section but give some representation of the different depths. 

Descriptions are provided for (1) desalting and dewatering (2) separation processes, of which distillation is the prime example (3) conversion processes, of which coking and catalytic cracking are prime examples and (4) finishing processes, of which hydrotreating to remove sulfur is a prime example. Descriptions of the various petroleum products (from fuel gas to asphalt and coke) sire also given. 

China, Norway, and the U.K. have been able to increase their petroleum production from either diligent exploration, late resource development, or a combination of these factors (Tables 17.1 and 17.2). Norway and the U.K., from their first discoveries of natural gas and oil in the North Sea in the late 1960s and early 1970s, both increased their domestic petroleum production by a factor of more than 600 from 1970 to 1980. Since then their production volume has more than doubled again. 

Abdul, A.S. Gibson, T.L. Rai, D.N. "Selection of Surfactants for the Removal of Petroleum Products from Shallow Sandy Aquifers," Groundwater 1990,28, pp 920-926. 

Between 50 and 60 billion pounds of synthetic polymers are manufactured each year in the United States—over 200 pounds per person. A large percentage of these polymers are tossed into our landfills after use. This represents a serious waste of precious raw materials (the petroleum products from which synthetic polymers are made), and exacerbates concerns that the landfills are quickly filling up. These factors give the recycling of polymers a high priority among our nation s concerns. 

The spectrum of petroleum products from straight distillation of crude oil rarely matches the market demand and there is a surplus of the "heavier" compounds. As a result it is usual to employ catalysts to assist cracking reactions to produce... 

We assume that petroleum products from the Are Formation could conceivably have helped in saturating laterally extensive migration avenues in the basins, so that secondary migration from the Spekk Formation, when turned on millions of years later, would proceed which much increased efficiency (cf. Fig. 10, and figure 8 in Paper 1). 

Percentage Yields of Refined Petroleum Products From Crude Oil in the U.S. (1970) ... 

Petroleum production from the Western Embayment reservoir... 

The aforementioned negative effects can be avoided to some degree by the method of creating a thermal bank. Such a technique was first proposed by E.B. Chekaliuk, K.A. Oganov and A.N. Snarskii [26]. Later A.A. Bokserman [21] and I.U.P. Zheltova [22] developed it in their experimental work. The thermal bank method was first successfully employed in petroleum production from the Okha field in Sakhalin. 

Remarkably little is known concerning the nature and distribution of alkanes in mammals. Usually less than 1%, if any, of mammalian waxes are hydrocarbons (compared with up to 90% of insect cutin) and when alkanes do occur in waxes and in fats the pattern is very complex " . This may be the result of the accumulation in the fat tissues of alkanes from a variety of dietary sources. Egg, duck and chicken fat contain predominantly C20 to C23 alkanes whereas lard and meat fats generally include small amounts of the C25 to C31 compounds Bovine tissues (e.g. liver, heart) contain n-Ci2 to n-C3i alkanes and phytane " ". The surface lipids of human skin contain up to 1% alkanes in a range C15-C35 which shows widespread variations between subjects. C-dating for these alkanes showed an age ca 30,000 years consistent with contamination with petroleum products from the environment... 

Dr. Naushad is the author of more than 60 research articles and several book chapters of international repute. He is editor/editorial member of more than 30 international jonmals, and is also the editor of a number of books, including. Petroleum Production from Polystyrene Waste Plastic and Standard Polystyrene, Science Technology Publishing, USA and A Book on Ion Exchange, Adsorption and Solvent Extraction, Nova, USA. 

In oil and gas systems, the refinery is a major industrial setup for obtaining various desired/specified petroleum products from cmdes. Naturally, safety issues in a refinery are of prime importance. At present with the introduction of digital technology in instrumentations there have been a number of changes in refineries. Now refineries are smart refineries. The following basic objectives remain the same ... 

Commercial production today is entirely from petroleum products from which there are three main routes ... 

The use of zeolites as catalysts in the production of petroleum products from crude oil can be linked to their molecular sieving effects and their acidic nature. Several factors are known to enhance the catalytic performance of zeolites. These include the ability of the reactants and product molecules to sieve through the zeolite pores, the topology and geometry of both the framework and non-framework constituents, the electrostatic field... 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a family of semivolatile organic pollutants such as naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, and benzo(a)pyrene. There are typically two main sources of PAHs spilled or released petroleum products (from oil spills or discharge of oil production brines) and combustion products that are found in urban runoff. Specifically, phenanthrene, pyrene, and fluoranthene are products of the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Naphthalene is found in asphalt and creosote. PAHs from combustion products have been identified as carcinogenic. 

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