Petroleum products catalysis

Uses are for fluorocarbons (66%), alumina (14%), petroleum alkylation catalysis (4%), stainless steel pickling (4%), and uranium chemical production (2%). 

Chemical Synthesis The traditional tools of chemical synthesis in use today are organic and inorganic synthesis and catalysis. Synthesis is the efficient conversion of raw materials such as minerals, petroleum, natural gases, coal, and biomass into more useful molecules and products catalysis is the process by which chemical reactions are either accelerated or slowed by the addition of a substance that is not changed in the chemical reaction. Catalysis-based chemical syntheses account for 60% of today s chemical products and 90% of current chemical processes (Collins, 2001). 

Despite this discouraging situation, the 1970s witnessed a constant improvement and adaptation of manufaciuring techniques. This included improvements which were often decisive in the economic context of petroleum products yields were boosted and energy consumption reduced. The area which saw the most significant development was that of catalysis, whose performance was constantly improved thanks to advances in the knowledge of their action mechanisms. 

In summary, it is now agreed that coordination concepts are valuable in explaining a wide variety of inorganic phenomena of theoretical and practical nature, such as the stabilization of unusual oxidation states, analytical implications of metal complexes, and the industrial use of com-plexing agents. Aside from the ammines and the hydrates, discussed mostly by Werner, there are many important types of coordination compounds, such as complex cyanides of heavy metals, metal carbonyls (formed in the catalysis of petroleum products and used to produce metals), and others. 

From 1930 to 1942, besides catalytic cracking, many other applications of catalysis to the production of petroleum products were conceived and developed by the technical staff of Houdry Process Corporation. 

Catalysis of Organic Reactions, edited by Michael L. Prunier The Scientist or Engineer as an Expert Witness, James G. Speight Process Chemistry of Petroleum Macromolecules, Irwin A. Wiehe Interfacial Properties of Petroleum Products, Lilianna Z. Pillon Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, Third Edition, E. Dendy Sloan and Carolyn Koh... 

Ho, T.C. Hydrodenitrogenation catalysis, Catal Rev.Sci. Eng., 1988,30 (1), 117-160. Mushrush, G.W. Speight, J.G. Petroleum products Instabdily and Incompatibility, Applied Energy Technology Series, Taylor Francis, 1995,183,pp. 

Saturated hydrocarbons are the main constituents of petroleum and natural gas. Mainly used as fuels for energy production they also provide a favorable, inexpensive feedstock for chemical industry [74]. Unfortunately, the inertness of alkanes renders their chemical conversion challenging with respect to selectivity. Clearly, the development of new and improved methods for the selective transformation of alkanes belongs to the central goals of catalysis. Iron-catalyzed processes might be a smart tool for such transformations (for reviews see [75-77]). 

By far the most important use of the platinum metals is for catalysis. The largest single use is in automobile catalytic converters. Platinum is the principal catalyst, but catalytic converters also contain rhodium and palladium. These elements also catalyze a wide variety of reactions in the chemical and petroleum industry. For example, platinum metal is the catalyst for ammonia oxidation in the production of nitric acid, as described in Pt gauze, 1200 K... 

The unique power of synthesis is the ability to create new molecules and materials with valuable properties. This capacity can be used to interact with the natural world, as in the treatment of disease or the production of food, but it can also produce compounds and materials beyond the capacity of living systems. Our present world uses vast amounts of synthetic polymers, mainly derived from petroleum by synthesis. The development of nanotechnology, which envisions the application of properties at the molecular level to catalysis, energy transfer, and information management has focused attention on multimolecular arrays and systems capable of self-assembly. We can expect that in the future synthesis will bring into existence new substances with unique properties that will have impacts as profound as those resulting from syntheses of therapeutics and polymeric materials. 

Fetzer, J. C., The Production of Large Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons During Catalytic Hydrocracking, in Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries, 1996. Kuwait, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Elsevier. 100 pp. 263-271. 

NMRTechniques in Catalysis, edited by AlexisT. Bell and Alexander Pines Upgrading Petroleum Residues and Heavy Oils, Murray R. Gray Methanol Production and Use, edited by Wu-Hsun Cheng and Harold H. Kung... 

The application of catalysis to the production of motor fuel by cracking of less volatile petroleum oils was first investigated in France by Eugene J. Houdry in the period 1927 to 1930. The results from these investigations clearly established the superiority of catalytically cracked gasoline over that made by the thermal processes the economic possibilities were also indicated. 

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