Petroleum, major fractions table

Petroleum, a complex mixture of many different hydrocarbons, is the main source of alkanes. Petroleum can be processed into various fractions by boiling a mixture in huge distilling towers. Each fraction contains alkanes with a relatively narrow range of molar masses. Table lists these major fractions of petroleum and some of their uses. As the table shows, these compounds are the principal sources of energy in our society. 

Table 9-1 Major Fractions of Petroleum and Their Uses...

The first step in refining petroleum is a careful fractional distillation. The products of that distillation are not pure alkanes but mixtures of alkanes with useful ranges of boiling points. Table 3-3 shows the major fractions obtained from the distillation of crude petroleum. 

TABLE 3-3 C Major Fractions Obtained from Distillation of Crude Petroleum... 

A. Other Unaponifiable Compounds Cycloartenol, (3-amyrin, and 24-methylene cycloartanol are the major triterpenols, which constitute less than 1% of WGO. Hydrocarbons are minor components in the WGO unsaponifiable fraction (Table 7). According to Kuksis (42), 50% of the hydrocarbons was squalene and the reminder consisted of n-C29 alkanes. The presence of lutein and cryptoxanthin in WGO were first reported in 1935 and 1940, respectively (43, 44). Recently, Panfili et al. (45), reported that petroleum-ether-extracted WGO contained 25 ppm lutein, 23 ppm zeaxanthin, and 8 ppm (3-carotene. 

Many of the commonly known solvents are aetually petroleum distillation fractions and are eomposed of a number of compounds (e.g., mineral spirits and naphthas). There are two general types of solvents derived from petroleum, aliphatics or aromatics. Aromatics are stronger solvents than aliphatics since they dissolve a wider variety of resins. Most major solvent suppliers (chemical manufacturers) produee several types and variations of these solvents and the associated HAP contents can vary significantly from manufacturer to man-ufaeturer and from batch to batch. These types of solvents are used extensively and are present in the majority of marine coatings. Table 14.26.4 provides a summary of common petroleum distillate solvents and solvent blends and their associated HAP content. For any... 

To be used efficiently, petroleum must be separated by boiling or distilled into portions called fractions. The smaller hydrocarbons can be boiled off at relatively low temperatures the larger molecules require successively higher temperatures. The major uses of various petroleum fractions are shown in Table 20.3. 

In these petroporphyrins he identified vanadium as well as iron. He established the well-known chemical association between chlorophyll in marine plants and the process of petroleum formation. It was not until 1948 that the second major metallic components in nickel were established. In the intervening years, a number of investigators have found that petroporphyrins are concentrated in the gas oil, resin and asphaltene fractions. " Baker, et at. determined the yields of petroporphyrins from a number of asphaltenes of native crudes and other bituminous materials. Data of ten sources of crude oil as well as tar sands, oil shale and gilsonite are listed in Table 1.3. 

The ultimate fate of metals in crude petroleum has never been determined. An assessment of available information indicates that the majority of the metal in the crude oil is retained in the bottoms that remain after distillation. A small amount of the metals is carried over in the various distillate fractions. The ranges of concentrations of metals found in five distillate fractions are shown in Table 7.5. Data recently reported for gasoline show ppm concentrations of silver (0.01-0.1), cadmium (0.01-0.05), copper (0.01-5), manganese (0.01-0.1), zinc (0.1-10), and lead (10-1,000) ppm. ... 

The major part of these catalytic processes is carried out in fixed bed reactors. Some of the main fixed bed catalytic processes are listed in Table 11.1-1. Except for the catalytic cracking of gas oil, which is carried out in a fluidized bed to enable the continuous regeneration of the catalyst, the main solid catalyzed processes of today s chemical and petroleum refining industry appear in Table 11.1-1. However, there are also fluidized bed alternatives for phthalic anhydride— and ethylene dichloride synthesis. Furthermore, Table 11.1-1 is limited to fixed bed processes with only one fluid phase trickle bed process (e.g., encountered in the hydrodesulfurization of heavier petroleum fractions) are not included in the present discussion. Finally, important processes like ammonia oxidation for nitric acid production or hydrogen cyanide synthesis, in which the catalyst is used in the form of a few layers of gauze are also omitted from Table 11.1-1. 

As expected, the major producers of PAO, esters, PIB and alkylaromatics are integrated petroleum eompanies that supply conventional mineral oil base stocks and petrochemicals as well as various synthetic base stocks. PAG, phosphate esters and silicone fluids are manufactured by chemical companies that produce these fluids on a much larger scale mainly for other applications. Their use as lubricant base stocks is only a fraction of the total market. Table 1 summarizes the major synthetic base stock producers. 

---