Ethylene dichloride, synthesis

Drying Ethylene dichloride synthesis Roasting of sulfide ores Incineration of solid waste... 

The major part of these catalytic processes is carried out in fixed bed reactors. Some of the main fixed bed catalytic processes are listed in Table 11.1-1. Except for the catalytic cracking of gas oil, which is carried out in a fluidized bed to enable the continuous regeneration of the catalyst, the main solid catalyzed processes of today s chemical and petroleum refining industry appear in Table 11.1-1. However, there are also fluidized bed alternatives for phthalic anhydride— and ethylene dichloride synthesis. Furthermore, Table 11.1-1 is limited to fixed bed processes with only one fluid phase trickle bed process (e.g., encountered in the hydrodesulfurization of heavier petroleum fractions) are not included in the present discussion. Finally, important processes like ammonia oxidation for nitric acid production or hydrogen cyanide synthesis, in which the catalyst is used in the form of a few layers of gauze are also omitted from Table 11.1-1. 

There are three general methods of interest for the preparation of vinyl chloride, one for laboratory synthesis and the other two for commercial production. Vinyl chloride (a gas boiling at -14°C) is most conveniently prepared in the laboratory by the addition of ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane) in drops on to a warm 10% solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in a 1 1 ethyl alcohol-water mixture Figure 12.1). At one time this method was of commercial interest. It does, however, suffer from the disadvantage that half the chlorine of the ethylene dichloride is consumed in the manufacture of common salt. 

Other uses of ethylene dichloride include its formulation with tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead solutions as a lead scavenger, as a degreasing agent, and as an intermediate in the synthesis of many ethylene derivatives. 

An alternative cyclopropane synthesis via an active methylene compound can also be enhanced by sonication [110]. The number of examples quoted in the literature is low but in the case of ethyl cyanoacetate and dibromoethane sonicated with potassium carbonate and polyethylene glycol in ethylene dichloride the expected cyclopropane is generated in 85 % yield (Eq. 3.19). 

Only a few of the major developments can be traced here, yet these should give a fair idea of the magnitude and importance of the aliphatic petrochemical growth. It is well to remember that some of the chemistry involved in this industry is old. Four Dutch chemists, otherwise unrecalled today, prepared ethylene dichloride by addition of chlorine to ethylene in 1795, and the synthesis of ethyl alcohol from ethylene via sulfuric acid absorption was studied by Berthelot in 1855 (8). Of course, this was coal-gas ethylene, and the commercial application of this synthesis did not occur until 75 years later, in 1929, when ethylene produced from natural gas was first converted into ethyl alcohol on a practical scale (84). 

Diisopropyl Malonate. This dialkyl malonate has gained industrial importance lor the synthesis of the fungicide isoprolhiolnne through condensation with carbon disulfide and ethylene dichloride. Diisopropyl malonate is produced b> Miisuhishi Chemical (Japan) using the carbon monoxide process. 

The work on the pyrolysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons, especially the catalyzed synthesis of vinyl chloride, was patented by the Distillers Company and subsequently sold to the Dow Chemical Corp. Perhaps I justified my research career within the first few months I have never met anyone who could, or would, tell me if ethylene dichloride pyrolysis, which... 

Process Economics Program Report SRI International. Menlo Park, CA, Isocyanates IE, Propylene Oxide 2E, Vinyl Chloride 5D, Terephthalic Acid and Dimethyl Terephthalate 9E, Phenol 22C, Xylene Separation 25C, BTX, Aromatics 30A, o-Xylene 34 A, m-Xylene 25 A, p-Xylene 93-3-4, Ethylbenzene/Styrene 33C, Phthalic Anhydride 34B, Glycerine and Intermediates 58, Aniline and Derivatives 76C, Bisphenol A and Phosgene 81, C1 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 126, Chlorinated Solvent 48, Chlorofluorocarbon Alternatives 201, Reforming for BTX 129, Aromatics Processes 182 A, Propylene Oxide Derivatives 198, Acetaldehyde 24 A2, 91-1-3, Acetic Acid 37 B, Acetylene 16A, Adipic Acid 3 B, Ammonia 44 A, Caprolactam 7 C, Carbon Disulfide 171 A, Cumene 92-3-4, 22 B, 219, MDA 1 D, Ethanol 53 A, 85-2-4, Ethylene Dichloride/Vinyl Chloride 5 C, Formaldehyde 23 A, Hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) 31 B, Hydrogen Cyanide 76-3-4, Maleic Anhydride 46 C, Methane (Natural Gas) 191, Synthesis Gas 146, 148, 191 A, Methanol 148, 43 B, 93-2-2, Methyl Methacrylate 11 D, Nylon 6-41 B, Nylon 6,6-54 B, Ethylene/Propylene 29 A, Urea 56 A, Vinyl Acetate 15 A. 

Primary steam reforming Secondary steam reforming Carbon monoxide conversion Carbon monoxide methanation Ammonia synthesis Sulfuric acid synthesis Methanol synthesis Oxo synthesis Ethylene oxide Ethylene dichloride Vinylacetate Butadiene Maleic anhydride Phthalic anhydride Cyclohexane Styrene Hydrodealkylation Catalytic reforming Isomerization Polymerization (Hydro)desulfurization Hydrocracking... 

Table 9.1 Properties of hypercrosslinked polysulfone. Synthesis conditions 80°C, 12 h, ethylene dichloride, SnCU...

Table 9.2 Properties of hypercrosslinked polyarylates crosslinked with nnonochlorodimethyl ether (1 mol per repeating unit). Synthesis conditions 80°Q lOh, 1,2-ethylene dichloride, SnCU (1 mol per mole of the ether)...

Finally, it could be mentioned here that the basic idea of hypercrosslinked network synthesis was also appfied to the preparation of porous fibrous sorbents. Liu et al. [278] have suggested grafting of styrene— DVB copolymer to the surface of polypropylene fibers, followed by the post-crosslinking of the grafted copolymer with 4,4 -bis-(chloromethyl)-diphenyl to 100% degree of crosshnking in a mixture of ethylene dichloride, nitrobenzene, and cyclohexane. After being coated with several successive layers of such hypercrosslinked polystyrene, the final fiber material... 

The most important impurity in chlorine is oxygen, particularly so in its major application, the synthesis of ethylene dichloride. As discussed in Section 9.6.1 and in parts of Chapter 11, acidification of feed brine is a common practice that helps to reduce the oxygen content of the cell gas. The acid of choice is HCl, and this is frequently produced on site from the cell product gases. 

The primary uses of 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride), 1,1-di-chloroethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride are as feed stocks for the production of chlorinated and fluorinated hydrocarbons. Ethylene dichloride is used in the preparation of protein concentrates and in the extraction of natural oils. Chloroform is a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of plastic, dyes, resins, and fire extinguishing products. It is used as an extraction solvent for various pharmaceutical products as well as a reactant in the preparation of analgesics and anthelmintic drugs. Miscellaneous uses of carbon tetrachloride include synthesis of organic chemicals, dyes, drugs, and lubricants. 

Even in a well operated, integrated production unit some losses of both original reactants and products will always occur. Such inputs are significant in the case of those compounds whose major use is as intermediates for further synthesis these include most of the methyl chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, ethyl chloride, ethylene dichloride, allyl chloride, epichlorhydrin and chloroprene. Estimates that have been made suggest that losses of between 0.5% and 2% of raw material and finished product occur, depending on the age of the plant and the nature of the process [1, 14, 15]. 

H2SO4, used in a wide variety of chemical syntheses, has been for decades the most important product of chemical industry by weight (more than 130 Mt a year have been produced during the 1990s). Chlorine—used above all in vinyl chloride monomer synthesis, for bleaching kraft pulp, ethylene dichloride production, and water treatment—ranks among the world s ten most important chemical products by mass. 

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