Petroleum Britain

The term bitumen is used in France to designate petroleum products, as in Great Britain and Germany. In the United States on the other hand, the equivalent material is designated by the expression asphalt-cement . In France, asphalt is a mastic, a mixture of bitumen and powdered minerals, poured in place. This mixture can be either natural or reconstituted by an industriai process. Asphait (French meaning) is utilized on roads, particularly in urban centers as well as for sidewalk surfacing. 

Germany s synthetic petroleum industry never reached these goals, but production increased dramatically under the Four Year Plan. In 1933, only three small synthetic petroleum plants (Ludwigshafen-Oppau, Leuna, Ruhrchemie-Sterkrade-Holten) were operating, the last a Fischer-Tropsch plant. At that time, Germany s petroleum consumption was about one-half of Great Britain s, one-fourth of Russia s, and one-twentieth that of the... 

To comprehend the value of fundamental scientific work one must look back and weave the strands together. Sometimes the threads are very evident. For example, the battle of Britain was won in considerable part by the use of planes which were products of combustion research. The interrelationships of supercharging, compression, and fuel properties and composition in the reciprocating engine had been partially explored at that time. The Germans seemed to apply these principles but slowly at first. The British put this knowledge to work immediately as did the petroleum industry in the United States in those frantic days of producing tremendous quantities of fuel. 

This is a tubular double-base proplnt which may be considered as a modification of Cordite (qv). It consists of NC (N content 12.70 0.15%) 70-5, NG 23-5, petroleum jelly 5 Na bicarbonate 1% (Ref 3). The density of the proplnt is 1-56 g/cc. Some other props are calcd by Alvaro Alberto (Ref 2) and applied to the problem of erosion of propints. CSP 2 has been known since ca 1902 and has been manufd or adopted by several countries, including Germany, Gt Britain, Brazil (I9O8), Italy (1910) Spain. It was manufd in Italy by the Societa Italians Dinamite Nobel, Avigliana under the name C2(Polvere) (Refs 4 5) and in Spain at the Fabrica de Galdacano of the Union Espahola de Explosivos under the name Polvora sin Humo de Chilworth (Ref 3)- This proplnt has been used in various cannons such as cal 76.2mm, 101.6mm, 15 cm, 30.5cm others See also C-2 (Polvere), Vol 2, p Cl-L Refs l)Marshall, Diet (1920), 26 2)Alvaro... 

To satisfy specific needs with regard to the type of petroleum to be processed, as well as to the nature of the product, most refiners have, through time, developed their own methods of petroleum analysis and evaluation. However, such methods are considered proprietary and are not normally available. Consequently, various standards organizations, such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM, 1995) in North America and the Institute of Petroleum in Britain (IP, 1997), have devoted considerable time and effort to the correlation and standardization of methods for the inspection and evaluation of petroleum and petroleum products. A complete discussion of the large number of routine tests available for petroleum fills entire books (ASTM, 1995). However, it seems appropriate that in any discussion of the physical properties of petroleum and petroleum products reference should be made to the corresponding test, and accordingly, the various test numbers have been included in the text. 

Gasoline, also called gas (United States and Canada) or petrol (Great Britain), or benzine (Europe), is a mixture of volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived from petroleum and used as fuel for internal-combustion engines. 

William Johnston Keswick and Sir Eric Drake also sit together on the board of British Petroleum, next to Lord Humphrey Trevelyan, the chairman of the council of the Royal Institute of International Affairs and Britain s charge d affaires in Peking during the critical years 1951-53. 

IP Standards for Petroleum and its Products, Part I Methods for Analysis and Testing, Sect. 2, IP Method 308 (1975), Applied Science Publishers, Barking, Gt. Britain. 

A recent court decision in Britain that petroleum and natural gas are two separate materials shows the need for mentioning both in a definition of petroleum chemical, if for no other reason than to avoid misunderstanding outside the petroleum industry (68). 

Dunstan, A. E., Chemistry and the Petroleum Industry, London, Inst. Chem. Great Britain, 1942. 

Royal Dutch/Shell Group Britain/Neth. 128,142 7,758 113,781 59,982 105,000 Petroleum refining... 

The supertanker Olympic Bravery , property of the company owned by the Greek magnate A. Onassis, sank at the coast of Great Britain in 1976. A mixture of petroleum and sand flooded the coast. The British government was compelled to involve naval forces in clearing the coast. However, it was not before irreparable damage was done to vegetation and animals. 

The year 1978 was marked by the largest tanker disaster on the coast of Great Britain. The American supertanker Amoko Cadiz sank on the reefs, and about 230 thousand tons of petroleum poured into the sea. 

The military actions of the USA and Great Britain in December 16-18 of 1998 on Iraq also had positive consequences on Russia. As a result of the aerial bombardment, the Iraq factory for petroleum processing as well as ports for petroleum export were destroyed. It is necessary to note that, although Iraq produces only about 3% of the world s petroleum due to sanctions, this petroleum influenced world petroleum prices. Iraqi petroleum is of very high quality but attracts a very low price. As a result, prices increased sharply on the stock exchanges in London and New York following the incident. Experts forecasted that the price would reach 30 dollars per barrel. All this could have a positive effect for the economy of Russia. 

British Petroleum is one of the biggest companies in Britain and one of the world s largest oil and petrochemicals groups. At the beginning of its history it was known as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. 

Scotchman, I. C., Griffith, C. E., Holmes, A. J. Jones, D. M. 1998. The Jurassic petroleum system north and west of Britain a geochemical oil-source correlation study. Org. Geochem. 29, 671-100. 

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