Petrol additive

Some countries have already experimented with ethanol as a fuel for cars. Up to 20% of ethanol can be added to petrol without the need to adjust the carburettor. Brazil, which has few oil reserves, produces ethanol by fermentation (breakdown by enzymes) of sugar cane and grain, and uses it as a petrol additive (Figure 6.16). The Brazilian government has cut down its petrol imports by up to 60% through using this alcohol/petrol mixture. 

Tabun Petrol additives, hydraulic fluids, insecticides, flame retardants, pharmaceuticals, detergents, pesticides, missile fuels, vulcanisation of rubber, extraction of gold and silver from ores. 

Sarin Flame retardants, petrol additives, paint solvents, ceramics, antiseptics. 

Pekic, B. and Kisgeci, J., [Studies on the possibility of producing alcohol from Jerusalem artichoke as a petrol additive], Bilten za Hmelj Sirak i Lekovito Bilje, 16, 9-112, 1984. 

Ce(R CO.CH.CO.R )3 are readily oxidized (O2) to Ce(R CO.CH.CO.R )4, such as Ce(acac)4(R = R = Me), Ce(dbm)4(R = R = Ph), and Ce(tmhd)4 (R = R = Mc3C), generally found to have square antiprismatic structures, though Ce(tmhd)4 is closer to dodecahedral. These are volatile dark red solids that are soluble in solvents such as benzene and chloroform they are volatile, with vapour pressures high enough for Metal Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) use, whilst they have also been studied as possible alternatives to lead compounds for petrol additives. 

Cerium(III) tris(/3-diketonate) complexes are readily oxidized to the cerium(IV) compounds. They are volatile with vapor pressures high enough for MOCVD use. A number of diketonates are now better characterised, prompted by the possibility of using them as CVD materials and petrol additives, as well as a source of cerium oxide as an oxygen store for catalytic converters. [Ce Me3CCOCHCOCMe2(OMe) 4], Ce(acac)4 (Figure 32), Ce(dbm)4, [Ce(pmhd)4], and Ce(tmhd)4 all have square-antiprismatic coordination of cerium (in the [Ce(catecholate)4]" ion the coordination is dodecahedral). 

Major anthropogenic sources of lead include the use of Pb as a petrol additive, Pb mining and smelting, printing, Pb paint flakes, sewage sludge and the use of pesticides containing Pb compounds, like lead arsenate. 

Perfluoroalkylated substances and their transformation products Personal care products Petrol additives Pesticides Pharmaceuticals... 

Aromox . [Akzo Akzo Chem. BV] Amine oxi wetting agent, emulsifier, stabilizer, antistai foamirig agent fix detergents, shartqxxrs, cosmetics, textiles, metal plating, petroL additives, paper, plastics, tubbo. ... 

Reactions of tetravalent organometallic compounds can be exemplified by tetraethyl lead, which is very widely used as a petrol additive ... 

Uses Microbicide antimicrobial bactericide fungicide preservative for industrial emulsions, cutting oils, resins, water-based paints, cosmetics, inks, dyes, textile chems., fabric softeners, adhesives, antistatic lubricants petrol, additive Trade Names Bioban DXN... 

Properties Clear liq. m.w. 289.47 Toxicology TSCA listed Uses Surfactant softener, conditioner, emulsifier, wetting agent, vise, builder, stabilizer, antistat for cosmetics emollient, lubricant, and slip agent for shave creams gel sensitizer for latex foaming agent for bubble baths hydrotrope, thickener for hypochlorite cleaners thixotrope for water-based paints emulsion stabilizer for textiles, petrol, additives, paper, plastics, rubber Trade Name Synonyms Aromox C/12-W [Akzo Nobel Surf. Chem. 

Uses Epoxy curing agent intermediate for mfg. of nylon, plastics, urethane coatings isocyanates petrol, additive adhesives polyamides for printing inks, dimer acids, textiles fibers paints lubricant additive scale/corrosion inhibitor water treatment chemicals... 

Uses Conditioner, substantivity agent, thickener for cationic emulsions emulsifier, lubricant, thickener for industrial lubricant and petrol, additive prods. 

Calcium hydroxide Polyaspartic acid homopolymer, sodium salt petrol additive 1,3-Pentanediamine petrol refining additive N-lsodecyloxypropyl 1 -1,3-diami nopropane petroleum additive 6-Acetoxy-2,4-dimethyl-m-dioxane Dihydroxyethyl cocamine oxide Dimethylaminopropylamine Hexamethylenediamine m-Phenylenediamine petroleum additive mfg. 

Since the decline of dibromoethane as a petrol additive, the major use for bromine has been in fire retardants, mainly in plastics. In 1997, production of Br was 470,0001. 

The Effect of Petrol Additives on Maranyl Nylons, ICI Engineering Plastics, Wilton, UK, 1987. 

The lead concentration of 25.0 mg kg", three-times higher than the upstream profile, is due to pollution from petrol additives in this zone. Other specific substances were within the limits measured in the upstream profiles and concentrations did not exceed 1.0 J,g kg" dry river sediment. 

Smallwood et al. [137] report on a preliminary study into the use of GC-IRMS to determine carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of MTBE (a refined petrol additive and known carcinogen). The carbon isotope values of the samples from three manufacturers showed little variation. The samples did, however, show distinct hydrogen isotope values. MTBE from 10 petrol... 

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