Pesticides passive sampling

Zabik, J.M. Aston, L.S. Seiber, J.N. 1992, Rapid characterization of pesticide residues in contaminated soils by passive sampling devices. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11 765-770. 

There are several future trends for the development of passive sampling techniques. The first is the development of devices that can be used to monitor emerging environmental pollutants. Recently, attention has shifted from hydrophobic persistent organic pollutants to compounds with a medium-to-high polarity, for example, polar pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products.82 147148 Novel materials will need to be tested as selective receiving phases (e.g., ionic liquids, molecularly imprinted polymers, and immunoadsorbents), together with membrane materials that permit the selective diffusion of these chemicals. The sample extraction and preconcentration methods used for these devices will need to be compatible with LC-MS analytical techniques. 

Passive sampling methods can only be used when sampling volatile or semivolatile organics. On the other hand it is important in active sampling to choose appropriate sorbents and methods. Lindane (y-HCH), for example, when measured with other pesticides, is only found to be present in the vapor phase and not in the particle phase when concentrations in these two phases are analyzed (Lane et al., 1992). 

Schafer, R.B., A. Paschke, B. Vrana, R. Mueller, and M. Liess. 2008. Performance of the Chemcatcher passive sampler when used to monitor 10 polar and 3 semi-polar pesticides in 16 Central European streams, and comparison with two other sampling methods. Water Res. 42 2707-2717. 

Jaward, R M., Farrar, N. J., et al (2004) Passive air sampling of PCBs, PBDEs, and organochlorine pesticides across Europe. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(1) 34-41. 

INTRODUCTION 14 PESTICIDE CATEGORIES 15 PESTICIDE HANDLERS 15 Agricultural Pesticide Handlers 15 Tasks Performed by an Individual 16 Factors Affecting Exposure 16 Residential and Institutional Pesticide Handlers 18 Families of Pesticide Handlers 19 STUDY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 20 Worker Stratification 21 Routes of Exposure 21 Respiratory Exposure 21 Dermal Exposure 21 Sampling Strategy Selection 21 Statistical Analysis 22 PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS 22 PESTICIDE EXPOSURE MONITORING METHODS 23 Passive Dosimetry 23... 

Whatever their design, passive samplers will collect only pesticide vapors. Therefore, air measurements made with them will not always be appropriate for estimating total respiratory exposure, especially in the case of low-volatility pesticides and pesticides tracked indoors on soil particles. In addition, some pesticides may undergo chemical degradation on sorbents or in solvents over such long sampling periods. Therefore, internal standards or other means will need to be used to assure acceptable analyte recoveries. 

Inhalation exposures to pesticides in the work area can be c.stimated from measuremcnt-s of concentrations of vapor, aerosol, or dust in environmental air (Ballantyne and Marrs, 2004). This can be done using passive samplers in the general work area or personal samplers in the employees breathing zone (Griffith and Duncan, 1992). However, in field situations in which pesticide samples are not of uniform size, and there may be moving variable concentrations in the air, the estimates may be misleading. 

See also Air Analysis Sampling Workplace Air. Lipids Fatty Acids. Personal Monitoring Passive. Pesticides. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Determination. 

Jaward FM, Farrar NJ, Hamer T, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC (2004) Passive air sampling of PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine pesticide across Europe. Environ Sci Technol 38 34-41... 

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