Persistent organic pollutants pesticides

Many environmental problems in water result from chemical species that are present in only trace quantities. Consequently, chemical analysis and detection have made major contributions to discovering and understanding these problems. Examples include the problems of bioaccumulation of certain chemicals, persistent organic pollutants, pesticide residues, and the health effects of arsenic and lead as well as other trace metals. 

The methods, which allow in one procedure of analysis to overcome, for example, most pesticides which are used in agricultural practice in the present time, get development and introduction in practice. The contribution of the Ukrainian scientists in field of chromatographic analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs, chlorinated hydrocarbons, PCB s) and supertoxicants, such as PCDDs, is estimated. 

Persistent organic pollutants consist of a wide range of substances used in industrial applications, applied as pesticides, or generated inadvertently as byproducts of industrial processes. They are ubiquitous pollutants, distributed across the planet, even in regions where they have never been produced or used [32], Among others, the main groups of pollutants that have been studied in the Ebro river basin include PAHs, PPs, OCs and APs, considered as emerging compounds. Recently, the contamination by dioxin-like compounds has been considered. 

Hamer, T. Shoeib, M. Diamond, M. Stern, G. Rosenberg, B. 2004, Using passive air samplers to assess urban-mral trends for persistent organic pollutants. 1. Organochlorine pesticides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 4474 483. 

The so-called persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are the subject of the Rio Declaration (1994) and the Stockholm Convention (2001) these international agreements (yet to be ratified in all signatory countries, including the United States) call for the elimination from production of 12 persistent chemicals, including the chlorinated pesticides and PCBs mentioned above (all of which have already been eliminated from production in the United States). Current regulatory efforts in the European Union and the United States place emphasis on elimination or restriction of all PBTs (persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals). 

The document lists common technical grade pesticides and recommended classihcations together with a listing of active ingredients believed to be obsolete or discontinued for use as pesticides, pesticides subject to the prior informed consent procedure, limitations to trade because of the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) convention (UN 2001), and gaseous or volatile fumigants not classified under these recommendations. 

Many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are semivolatile compounds which undergo exchange between air and atmospheric particles, soils, and vegetation. Classes of POPs include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs, PCDFs). The distribution of these substances between the particle and gas phases in the atmosphere is a... 

New York Developing capacity to monitor for polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urine, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum, organochlorine pesticides in serum, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in blood, cotinine in saliva, trace elements in blood and urine, inorganic mercury in blood and to generate data on exposure to persistent organic pollutants (CDC 2005). 

The committee recommends the inclusion of a detailed and accurate exposure analysis for a subset of the biomonitored population in large-scale biomonitoring studies that includes analyses of environmental media in the residence and uses a survey instrument to obtain information on diet, consumer product use, occupational exposures, and other factors relevant to the chemical exposure pathways that are being examined. The exposure assessment can be patterned on protocols used in other exposure analyses, such as the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS), the Minnesota Children s Pesticide Exposure Study, and Children s Total Exposure to Pesticides and Other Persistent Organic Pollutants. 

Some recent developments and future trends in international regulation of chemical contaminants in food are discussed in section 12.5. It is attempted to foresee some issues that could be of interest and concern for food scientists and legislators dealing with contaminants in food in the early part of the new millennium. Certainly, persistent organic pollutants, many of which are chlorinated hydrocarbons, and some of which have been used in the past and in fact may still be used in parts of the world as pesticides, will be among those issues of justified concern. 

Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, and the Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. 

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organochlorine compounds widely used as pesticides and/or industrial chemicals. These chemicals share four common properties highly toxic, persistent, capable of long-range transport and bio-accumulation in the fatty tissues of living... 

Table 10.4. List of banned specified persistent organic pollutants (POPs) pesticide in Thailand (Source Wong-ek, 2000)...

The use of pesticides in Malaysia dated back since after the Second World War. These persistent pollutants were primarily used for agriculture and vector control. DDT, dieldrin and endrin found extensive use before they were banned recently. Most of the other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been banned in Malaysia. However, residues of these pesticides were found in various compartments of the environment such as water, sediment and biota. Nonpesticide POPs were not monitored as much but recent efforts have included monitoring and management of these POPs among other hazardous chemicals. This chapter presents the current status of POPs in Malaysia and various initiatives to manage these pollutants. 

There are several future trends for the development of passive sampling techniques. The first is the development of devices that can be used to monitor emerging environmental pollutants. Recently, attention has shifted from hydrophobic persistent organic pollutants to compounds with a medium-to-high polarity, for example, polar pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products.82 147148 Novel materials will need to be tested as selective receiving phases (e.g., ionic liquids, molecularly imprinted polymers, and immunoadsorbents), together with membrane materials that permit the selective diffusion of these chemicals. The sample extraction and preconcentration methods used for these devices will need to be compatible with LC-MS analytical techniques. 

Butter is concentrated milk fat, so any of the hormones or pesticides contained in the milk increase when it is made into butter. The Pesticide Action Network of North America ranks nonorganic butter as the food most contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs), some of the most dangerous toxic chemicals. 

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