Persistent organic pollutant protocol

UN/ECE, United Nations/Economic Council for Europe (1998) The 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. http //www.unece.org/envArtap/pops hl.htm... 

Mantseva, E., Dutchak, S., Rozovskaya, O., Shatalov, V. (2004). EMEP Contribution to the Preparatory Work for the Review of the CLRTAP Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants. EMEP MSC-E Information Note 5/2004. 

Chlorinated micropoUutants are harmful for man and environment due to their toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. Persistent compounds are very stable and difficult to get metabolized and mineralized by biological and chemical processes in the environment, and as a result, they have become ubiquitous in water, sediments, and the atmosphere bioaccumulation is the result of the lipophilicity of these compounds. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PCDD/F) are not produced purposely like many of other chlorinated technical products, such as chlorinated biocides DDT, lindane, and toxaphene. The production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the dirty dozen has now been banned worldwide by the Stockholm protocol. It should be mentioned that about 3000 halogenated products have now been isolated as natural products in plants, microorganisms, and animals," but the total amount of these products is much smaller compared to xenobiotics. 

The Stockholm Convention and the Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants of the UNECE 1979 Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution. 

Denier van der Gon H, van het Bolscher M, Visschedijk A, Zandveld P (2007) Emissions of persistent organic pollutants and eight candidate POPs from UNECE-Europe in 2000, 2010 and 2020 and the emission reduction resulting from the implementation of the UNECE POP protocol. Atmos Environ 41 9245-9261... 

The committee recommends the inclusion of a detailed and accurate exposure analysis for a subset of the biomonitored population in large-scale biomonitoring studies that includes analyses of environmental media in the residence and uses a survey instrument to obtain information on diet, consumer product use, occupational exposures, and other factors relevant to the chemical exposure pathways that are being examined. The exposure assessment can be patterned on protocols used in other exposure analyses, such as the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS), the Minnesota Children s Pesticide Exposure Study, and Children s Total Exposure to Pesticides and Other Persistent Organic Pollutants. 

PAHs are not included in the list of dirty dozens POPs of the Stockholm Convention. However, in addition to 12 existing POPs, UN/ECE (United Unions Economic Commission for Europe) considers PAHs, HCHs, chlorodecone, and hexabromobiphenyl as potential POPs to be restricted based on The New Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants to the Convention on Long-range Trans-boundary Air Pollution adopted in 1998. PAHs may be listed as POP in the future Stockholm Convention. 

It is imperative that common global approaches are adopted in chemicals and hazardous substances management. While in the past, the approach has been more specific issue-based with clearly outlined boundary conditions (e.g., Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depletion, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants), the current approach entails a globalised strategic integrated view. 

EC Decision, Proposal COM (2004) 537, 04.08.2004. Amendments to Annexes I—III of the 1998 Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants and to Annexes A-C of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. 

UNECE. Protocol on persistent organic pollutants under the 1979 convention on long-range transport air pollution. Report ECE/EB.Air/60, Geneva, Switzerland, 1998. 

The Stockholm Convention to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs) became binding on May 17, 2004. POPs tend to be toxic, persistent, accumulative, and capable of traveling long distances in the environment. This Convention seeks to eliminate or restrict the production and use of such chemicals. The Kyoto Protocol, designed to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, has now become an international law, despite the resistance of several countries. 

EC (2005) Risk profile and summary report for Short-Chained Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs). Dossier prepared from the UNECE convention on long-range transboundary air pollution, protocol on persistent organic pollutants. European Commission, DG Environment... 

Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) (22 have ratified entered into force October 2003) "... 

Table I. The UNECE list of 16 persistent organic pollutants (UNECE Protocol 1998). Data ate from Mackay etal. (1992 1997). Henry s Law Constants and vapor pressures arc calculated for20 C.

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), 1998. Protocol To The 1979 Convention On Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution On Persistent Organic Pollutants. http //www. unece.org/env/lrtap/... 

UN-ECE (1998) Draft protocol to the convention on long-range air pollution on persistent organic pollutants (EB.AIR/1998/2) United Nations and Social Council, Economic Commission for Europe, Geneva... 

The 1998 Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), also known as the Aarhus Protocol after the city where it was created, stated the ultimate objective to eliminate any discharges, emissions, and losses of POPs. It specifically declared the intent to eliminate the production and use of HCB in the future [107]. The European Union signed the Aarhus Protocol in 1998... 

PROTOCOL TO THE 1979 CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS. Available at http //www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/ lrtap/full%20text/1998.POPs.e.pdf (accessed October 11,2014). 

There are also international developments surrounding the restriction and identification of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). All indications are that any international protocol will have a strong bias toward actual testing results for bioaccumulation and toxicity, rather than computer modeled estimates. While such a protocol may require more testing as specific color pigments are reviewed, erroneous identification of hydro-phobic color pigments as bioaccumulators should be reduced under this protocol. 

In fact, it wasn t just sulfur dioxide that was traveling, but also some metals and the POPs. In 1998, members of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe signed the legally binding Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants as an addition to the 1979... 

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