Perry s Handbook

The how and why of variable density. Assumingthatthedensitieswereallsimilarinmag-nitude was a restriction on the solution we derived. We can rederive the solution without thisassumption butwedoneedaconstitutiverelationshiptofunctionallycouplethedensity andconcentration.Asuitableexpressioncanbefoundbyconsultingeitherthe CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, or Perry s Handbook fordatarelatingtheconcentrationofvarious solutions of salts to their densities. From an analysis of these data we would find that the... 

Figure 2-3. Moody or regular Fanning friction factors for any kind and size of pipe. Note the friction factor read from this chart is four times the value of the f factor read from Perry s Handbook, 6th Ed. [5]. Reprinted by permission, Pipe Friction Manual, 1954 by The Hydraulic Institute. Also see Engineering DataBook, 1st Ed., The Hydraulic Institute, 1979 [2]. Data from L. F, Moody, Friction Factors for Pipe Flow by ASME [1].

The Internet has become the best source for thermodynamic data. Run a search on something like chemical thermodynamic data on any serious search engine, and you will hnd multiple sources, most of which allow free downloads. The data in the standard handbooks, e.g. Perry s Handbook (see Suggestions for Further Reading section of Chapter 5), are still correct but rather capricious in scope and likely to be expressed in archaic units like those sprinkled here and there in this book. 

Examples of Hougen-Watson kinetic models, which are also called Langmuir-Hinshelwood models, can be derived for a great variety of assumed surface mechanisms. See Butt and Perry s Handbook (see Suggestions for Further reading in Chapter 5) for collections of the many possible models. The models usually have numerators that are the same as would be expected for a homogeneous reaction. The denominators reveal the heterogeneous nature of the reactions. They come in almost endless varieties, but all reflect competition for the catalytic sites by the adsorbable species. 

Chemische Ingenieur-Technik, a 2200-page treatise intended as something between a textbook and a reference work, appeared in 1935. Its 24 authors were drawn mostly from industry, a handful from technical universities, and a couple from the more prestigious universities. It is certainly more scholarly than Perry s Handbook, and it avoids ancillary areas like patent law,... 

Der Chemie-Ingenieur was far more imposing, an encyclopedia about physical operations in chemical and related process industries. It totaled 12 volumes published between 1932 and 1940 under the editorship of Professor Arnold Eucken of Gottingen and, initially, Professor Max Jakob of Berlin, who soon departed for the United States. Figure 10 shows the encyclopedia, with Perry s Handbook in front. Eight volumes treat unit operations on a scientific footing, with abundant citations of sources, frequent use of mathematical tools, and sophisticated accounts of the best practice. Then came the add-on volumes, which treated physicochemical and economic aspects of chemical reaction operations, i.e., chemical process principles ... 

Sidney D. Kirkpatrick, Building the Literature of Chemical Engineering, Chem. Eng. 59, 166-173 (1952) compare the endsheets of Walter L. Badger and Warren L. McCabe, Elements of Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1931-with an Introduction by Arthur D. Little -and of Perry s Handbook [49]. 

There are several scanning methods that measure particles individually in a fluid stream. These methods include field scanning, light diffraction, and photon spectroscopy methods. They are described briefly in Perry s Handbook (Snow et al., 1999). 

Experimental values range 1.06-1.39. Distribution coefficient data for dilute solute concentrations have been compiled by Trey-bal in Perry s Handbook. A sampling of the data presented by Treybal and additional distribution coefficient data are given in Table 14.1. 

Before closing this brief discussion on mass transfer fundamentals, further mention should be made of the diffusion coefficient. Equations for predicting gas diffusivities are given by Fuller and are also given in Perry s Handbook. The orders of magnitude of the diffusivities for gases, liquids, and... 

Thermodynamic properties of molecular species that are used in reactor design problems can be readily estimated from thermodynamic data tabulated in standard reference sources such as Perry s Handbook or the JANAF Tables. Thermochemical properties of molecular species not tabulated can usually be estimated using group contribution methods. Estimation of activation energies is, however, much more difficult due to the lack of reliable information on transition state structures, and the data required to cany out these calculations is not readily available. 

Several textbooks and reference books (e.g., the third edition of Perry s Handbook, 1950) use this example to illustrate azeotropic distillation. They show the solution sketched in Fig. 11 for a feed whose composition is about 60% -butanol. If we analyze this configuration, we see that it separates the mixture. The same textbooks suggest that for a feed below the azeotropic composition, one should use the same configuration but put the feed into the decanter. The question that occurs immediately is How was this configuration selected Was it a trial-and-error procedure, or is there some way to find it directly ... 

Solids. Only very rough approximations of solid heat capacities can be made. Kopp s rule (1864) should only be used as a last resort when experimental data cannot be located or new experiments carried out. Kopp s rule states that at room temperature the sum of the heat capacities of the individual elements is approximately equal to the heat capacity of a solid compound. For elements below potassium, numbers have been assigned from experimental data for the heat capacity for each element as shown in Table 4.2. For liquids Kopp s rule can be applied with a modified series of values for the various elements, as shown also in Table 4.2. For example, the heat capacity at room temperature of Na2S04 lOHaO would be 2(6,2) + 1(5.4) + 14(4.0) + 20(2.3) = 119.8 cal/(g mol)( C). The heat capacity of coal can be estimated from equations in the Coal Conversion Systems Technical Data Book cited in the supplementary references. Consult Reid or Perry s Handbook fpr tables of heat capacity data for solids. 

The vapor-pressure data for isobutyric acid (from Perry s Handbook) are... 

TABLE 2.3 Transport Properties (Most of the data are from Reid et al. (1987) and Perry s Handbook (1997))... 

Pachuca Tanks Air-agitated Pachuca tanks were widely used in mineral processing until the 1960s when the industry concluded that mechanical agitation was more economical and more effective for solids suspension. A description of Pachuca tanks can be found in previous editions of Perry s Handbook. 

---