Percentage-performance

PaP determined the flammability parameters of 13 materials under different experimental conditions (Table 3.12) for ranking them in terms of a percentage performance as defined for each parameter taking the most favourable value for 100% (where no numerical data can be measured such as in the case of the flame spread rate of rigid PVC, the percentage performance is above 100). The ratings of the 13 materials compared in this way are illustrated in Figures 3.67 to 3.70. 

Fig. 3.67 Percentage performance in term of the ignition temperature measured in a temperature-programmed oven ...

Fig. 3.69 Percentage performance in heat radiation test conducted in Priifstrahler equipment ...

Fig. 3.70 Percentage performance in terms of oxygen index, flame spread rate, and heal of combustion ... 

For a given value of p, let Ch represent the total expected cost of the heuristic across all products, and Cs the corresponding total cost of the simulation based optimization procedure. The percentage performance gap of the heuristic is defined as (Ch - Cs)/Cs x 100%. We report the percentage performance gap across a range of values for demand correlation in Table 6. For each level of demand correlation, the run times for the heuristic across all the products was less than a minute, while the equivalent run time for the optimization approach was around 40 h. 

Table 6. Percentage performance gap between the two period newsvendor heuristic and a simulation based optimization method for different levels of demand correlation...

The percentage share of the inserts made austenite steel in the martensite structure is refered to the visual field of the probe in the given location. Every probe after performance is given a characteristics, in which the visual field is given, determined using special devices defining the visual field at different distances from the tested object. 

Segregation of bearings, with regard to residual austenite was performed with the aid of WIROTEST 202 and WIROTEST 12 finish. Selected rings with defined indications were subject to metalographic tests, in order to state whether residual austenite occurs, and then using the diffraction method, the percentage content of residual austenite. 

At the limit of Knudsen diffusion control it is not reasonable to expect that any of the proposed approximation methods will perform well since, as we know, percentage variations in pressure are quite large. Nevertheless it is interesting to examine their results, which are shown in Figure 11 4 At this limit it is easy to check algebraically that equations (11.54) and (11.55) become the same, while (11.60) differs from the other two. Correspondingly the values of the effectiveness factor calculated using the approximation of Kehoe and Aris coincide with the results of Apecetche et al., and with the exact solution, ile Hite and Jackson s effectiveness factors differ substantially. 

Accuracies of the flow meters discussed herein are specified as either a percentage of the full-scale flow or as a percentage of the actual flow rate. It may be convenient in some appHcations to compare the potential inaccuracies in actual volumetric flow rates. For example, in reading two Hters per minute (LPM) on a flow meter rated for five LPM, the maximum error for a 1% of full-scale accuracy specification would be 0.01 x 5 = 0.05 LPM. If another flow meter of similar range, but having 1% of actual flow rate specification, were used, the maximum error would be 0.01 x 2 = 0.02 LPM. To minimize errors, meters having full-scale accuracy specifications are normally not used at the lower end of their range. Whenever possible, performance parameters should be assessed for the expected installation conditions, not the reference conditions that are the basis of nominal product performance specifications. 

The use of hot gas clean-up methods to remove the sulfur and particulates from the gasified fuel increases turbine performance by a few percentage points over the cold clean-up systems. Hot gas clean-up permits use of the sensible heat and enables retention of the carbon dioxide and water vapor in the... 

In determining the purity or percentage of lead in lead and lead-base alloys, the impurities or minor components are deterrnined and the lead content calculated by difference. Quality control in lead production requires that the concentration of impurities meet standard ASTM specifications B29 (see Table 7). Analyses of the individual impurities are performed using various wet chemical procedures and instmmental methods such as emission spectroscopy. 

The basic seed processing plant design is based on 70% removal of the sulfur contained in the coal used (Montana Rosebud), which satisfies NSPS requirements. Virtually complete sulfur removal appears to be feasible and can be considered as a design alternative to minimize potential corrosion problems related to sulfur in the gas. The estimated reduction in plant performance for complete removal is on the order of 1/4 percentage point. The size of the seed processing plant would have to be increased by roughly 40% but the corresponding additional cost appears tolerable. The constmction time for the 500 MW plant is estimated to be ca five years. 

The products are an oversize (underflow, heavies, sands) and an undersize (overflow, lights, slimes). An intermediate size can also be produced by varying the effective separating force. Separation size maybe defined either as a specific size in the overflow screen analysis, eg, 5% retained on 65 mesh screen or 45% passing 200 mesh screen, or as a d Q, defined as a cut-off or separation size at which 50% of the particles report to the oversize or undersize. The efficiency of a classifier is represented by a performance or partition curve (2,6), similar to that used for screens, which relates the particle size to the percentage of each size in the feed that reports to the underflow. 

PyCis usuaHy expressed in percentage, but the % sign is often omitted. Although many additives in the paint formulation are nonvolatile, they are often omitted from this calculation, because they represent a smaH fraction of the volume of a newly formed paint film and, in exterior paints, are often water-soluble materials leached out by rainfaH, and therefore wHl probably not factor into the long-term performance of the paint film. 

The polyamide copolymer of dodecanoic acid with methylenedi(cyclohexylamine) (MDCHA, PACM) was sold as continuous filament yam fiber under the tradename QIANA. As late as 1981, over 145,000 t was produced using high percentages, typically 80%, of trans, trans MDCHA isomer. The low melting raffinate coproduct left after t,t isomer separation by fractional crystallisation was phosgenated to produce a Hquid aUphatic diisocyanate marketed by Du Pont as Hylene W. Upon terrnination of their QIANA commitment, Du Pont sold the urethane intermediate product rights to Mobay, who now markets the 20% trans, trans—50% cis, trans—30% cis, cis diisocyanate isomer mixture as Desmodur W. In addition to its use in polyamides and as an isocyanate precursor, methylenedi (cyclohexyl amine) is used directiy as an epoxy curative. The Hquid diamine mixture identified historically as PACM-20 is marketed as AMICURE PACM by Anchor Chemical for performance epoxies. 

The relative abundance of neutral SiH and H2 species have been measured as a function of power, pressure, flow rate, and dilution. For low power levels, eg, 5 W, up to 50% of the SiH gas is dissociated and the percentage increases to 80% for a power of 50 W. The decomposition of SiH gas proceeds more readily with lower flow rates. These observations, coupled with infrared (ir) measurements performed on the films, suggest that deposition under conditions in which the silane gas is not entirely decomposed leads to a majority of SiH units, whereas those deposited under conditions in which silane is strongly dissociated contain a majority of dihydride units leading to a deterioration of the semiconductor. Also, when the dwell time of SiH in the plasma region increases, the resultant film exhibits a pronounced peak at 2090 cm from the ir spectra corresponding to S1H2 inclusion. 

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