Penicillin monitoring

A typical fermentation medium for penicillin production contains lactose, com steep Hquot, and calcium carbonate (3,153,154). In most industrial processes the carbohydrate source, glucose, beet molasses, or lactose, is continuously added to the fermentation. The rate of glucose addition must be carefully monitored, by pH or rate of oxygen depletion, because the synthesis of penicillin is markedly reduced in the presence of excess glucose. 

In order to prevent veterinary dmgs from being transported to the human food chain, radioisotopic immunoassays were developed to monitor veterinary antibiotics such as penicillin and chloramphenicol [56-75-7] C22H22Cl2N20, in meat, milk, and eggs (qv) (see ANTIBIOTICS Meatproducts Milk AND MILKPRODUCTS). 

The non-penicillin wastewater from a pharmaceutical company was collected and used in the batch aeration wastewater treatment experiment. The pharmaceutical wastewater had a clear orange colour, strong odour, contained toxic chemicals and had a COD value in the range of 3000-30,000 mg per litre. The pH of the wastewater was neutralised and monitored for each experimental ran, as the bacteria would have a higher rate of propagation at neutral pH. 

Sampling is essential to monitor the amount of growth, the running levels of key nutrients and the penicillin concentration. It is necessary also to check that there has been no contamination by unwanted microorganisms. 

Since the initial report of the pH responsive CHEMFET in 1970, CHEMFET s for other species such as Ca , Na", and penicillin have been descril d. In addition, some of these devices have been tested for in vivo or on-line continuous whole blood monitoring. While problems associated with mass production of the more complex CHEMFET s such as those employing enzymes (for example, with the penicillin CHEMFET) have not yet been fully solved, the technology for mass production of the relatively simple pH CHEMFET is api rently now available and problems noted with early devices attributable to irreversible SiO changes and... 

Monitoring Obtain blood cultures, white blood cell, and differential cell counts prior to initiation of therapy and at least weekly during therapy with penicillinase-resistant penicillins. Measure AST and ALT during therapy to monitor for liver function abnormalities. 

Hypersensitivity reactions Make careful inquiry for a history of hypersensitivity reactions. Monitor patients who have had immediate hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins or cephalosporins. If an allergic reaction occurs, discontinue the drug and institute supportive treatment. Cross-sensitivity with other penicillins or -lactam antibiotics is rare. 

Urea in kidney dialysate can be determined by immobilizing urease (via silylation or with glutaraldehyde as binder) on commercially available acid-base cellulose pads the process has to be modified slightly in order not to alter the dye contained in the pads [57]. The stopped-flow technique assures the required sensitivity for the enzymatic reaction, which takes 30-60 s. Synchronization of the peristaltic pumps PI and P2 in the valveless impulse-response flow injection manifold depicted in Fig. 5.19.B by means of a timer enables kinetic measurements [62]. Following a comprehensive study of the effect of hydrodynamic and (bio)chemical variables, the sensor was optimized for monitoring urea in real biological samples. A similar system was used for the determination of penicillin by penicillinase-catalysed hydrolysis. The enzyme was immobilized on acid-base cellulose strips via bovine serum albumin similarly as in enzyme electrodes [63], even though the above-described procedure would have been equally effective. 

Action Monobactam, -1- cell wall S5mth Dose Adul. 1—2 g IV/EM q6-12h Peds. Premature 30 mg/kg/dose IV ql2h Term children 30 mg/kg/dose q6-8h X in renal impair Caution [B, +] Disp Inj SE NA /D, rash, pain at inj site Interac tions T Effects W/probenecid, aminoglycosides, i-lactam antibiotics X effects W7 cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, imipenem EMS Monitor for S/Sxs of super Infxn may cause aUCTgic Rxns rare cross-sensitivity Rxns to penicillins and cephalosporins have been rqwrted OD May cause Szs symptomatic and supportive... 

Worldwide Streptococcus pneumoniae % susceptibility to penicillin is decreasing. In some countries up to two-thirds of the clinical isolates have reduced susceptibility to penicillin or are highly resistant to this drug. Moreover, the rate of resistance to other drugs commonly used for RTI including erythromycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is higher in penicillin-resistant than penicillin-susceptible strains. Monitoring local or hospital resistance patterns of pneumococci is, therefore, needed. 

By controlling the structural and electronic properties of sNPS which are related to the nanocrystallite dimensions and porosity, their surface selectivity and sensitivity to different gases (nitrogen and carbon oxide, vapors of water and organic substances) can be adjusted. This approach for the effective detection of acetone, methanol and water vapor in air was described in [13-15].The minimal detectable acetone concentration was reported to be 12 pg/mL. Silicon sensors for detection of SO2 and some medicines such as penicillin were created [16-18]. sNPS were used for the development of a number of immune biosensors, particularly using the photoluminescence detection. Earlier we developed similar immune biosensors for the control of the myoglobin level in blood and for monitoring of bacterial proteins in air [19-23]. 

Another issue of relevant importance to the interpretation of analytical results is the analytical specificity of the test, particularly when in an immunobased assay. Specificity is exquisite in immunochemical assays but, at the same time, it can be exquisitely troublesome. For example, when an immunochemical assay for the penicilloyl group is used to monitor the pharmacokinetics of penicillin elimination from the serum of treated animals, the measured levels remain high for at least several weeks, although the antibacterial activity was all eliminated from bovine serum within 24 h after injection. This is because the immunochemical assay measured not only the free drug but also the penicilloyl groups covalently bound to proteins in serum. The half-life of these bound residues is roughly equal to the half-life of the proteins in the circulation. 

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