Paternalism

The switch is a clever one.Though the taste is new, the idea is old. Among die major branches of the martini s genealogical tree is the Martinez, a gin and sweet vermouth cocktail, mixed in a reverse proportion to the modern martini, that presses a paternity claim called into question by the fact that no one can agree on who fathered die original Martinez, or where or with what. 

The metabolic myopathies are exceptionally complex. Mitochondrial disorders are usually multisystem disorders, in which metabolic dysfunction affects muscle, liver, CNS, and special senses (especially vision) in almost any combination. There is evidence that some forms of mitochondrial disease are inherited, and the preponderance of maternal rather than paternal inheritance is consistent with an abnormality in the mitochondrial genome because almost all (and perhaps all) mitochondria are derived from the ovum. 

Zheng, W.B., Strobeck, C., and Stacey, N. (1997). The steroid pheromone 4-pregnen-17 alpha, 20 beta-diol-3-one increases fertility and paternity in goldfish. Journal of Experimental Biology 200, 2833-2840. 

Fig. 6.5(a) OR gene expression. M, maternal and P, paternal DNA strands 1 2, chromosomes from neurones with differential cis/trans regulation (M/P) of each DNA strand (from Chess et al., 1998). [ = OR gene locus = suppressed regulatory element]... 

Mother died of a stroke paternal grandmother had clots in her legs... 

Paternal grandparents died at ages 58 and 65 years, both of ischemic stroke... 

Affected family members on the maternal side and the paternal side contribute similarly to the risk. 

Remarkable for colon cancer in maternal grandmother and lung cancer in paternal grandfather... 

GrblO (11) Growth-inhibiting Fetal overgrowth (Paternal Disomy)... 

Ins 1 jlns2 (19/7) Paternal (yolk sac) Peptide hormone Fetal GR phenotypic Duvillie et al 1997 effect of imprinting undefined... 

ILasgrfl (9) Paternal Ras-associated G protein Postnatal growth Itier et al 1998 retardation GR weaning 70-75%N adulthood 75—85%N Decreased levels of growth hormone and IGF1 in serum (up to 50%)... 

Peg3 (7) Paternal Unknown (implicated in TNF signalling pathway and in p53-mediated cell death pathway) GR BW 81%N Li et al 1999 4 weeks 65% N reduced postnatal survival rates impairment of maternal behaviour... 

SnrpnlC (7) Paternal Imprinting control region GR BW 77-82% N Yang et al 1998 early postnatal lethality... 

E, embryonic day BW, birthweight GR, growth retardation OG, overgrowth N, normal +/—, paternal transmission of the deletion — /+, maternal transmission of the deletion. 

Mayer W, Niveleau A, Walter J, Fundele R, Haaf T 2000 Demethylation of the zygotic paternal genome. Nature 403 501-502... 

Oswald J, Engemann S, Lane N et al 2000 Active demethylation of the paternal genome in the mouse zygote. Curr Biol 10 475-478... 

Rehner What is the paternal defence against the global demethylation immediately after fertilization Why do the paternal imprints survive this process ... 

Reik I don t know. One thing we could do is look phylogenetically to see what the distribution of this phenomenon is versus the distribution of imprinting, for example. The data points are very sparse. In the zebrafish, which doesn t have imprinting, this doesn t happen, even though the zebrafish still needs to activate its paternal embryonic genome at some stage. 

Reik We have no direct evidence for a demethylase of any kind. It is just an activity that we observe here. We know that after this rapid demethylation, there is also passive demethylation, which is replication-dependent. You could ask whether this whole process is a bit of a waste. Why do you want to demethylate your paternal genome at fertilization if you also demethylate the rest of the genome at the blastocyst stage ... 

Nasmyth I think Tim Hunt s question is a sensible one. Normally p57 is expressed on the maternal chromosome and not on the paternal one, because according to this hypothesis the father s chromosome does not express it because he doesn t want to slow down growth. If this is the case, then if you had an extra copy and introduced it on a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) into the maternal genome, what would happen to growth This is a crucial prediction of the hypothesis. 

Kubiak Recognition of paternal and maternal chromosomes was a nice explanation for the prolongation of the first mitosis in the mouse, but... 

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