Paternal behavior

Gubemick, D. J., Schneider, K. A., and Jeannotte, L. A. 1994. Individual differences in the mechanisms underlying the onset and maintenance of paternal behavior and the inhibition of infanticide in the monogamous bipar-ental California mouse, Peromyscus californicus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 34 225—231. 

Clark, M. M., Whiskin, E. E., and Galef, B. G. (2003). Mongolian gerbil fathers avoid newborn male pups, but not newborn female pups olfactory control of early paternal behavior. Animal Behaviour 66,441-447. 

In different species, the OT has been found to influence a wide range of social behaviors, including maternal and paternal behavior, sexual, aggressive and affiliative behaviors, olfactory investigation, and social recognition memory. These relationships are complex, with OT effects, dose-response relationships, and directionality differing across species. In a number of studies, OT infusion has had contrasting effects on the social behaviors of various species (Winslow et ah. 

Animals, particularly mammals, engage in a wide variety of social, sexual, and maternal (or paternal) behaviors that are multidimensional and extremely complex. Despite the obvious importance of social behavior in humans, very little research has been focused on the effects of toxicants on social interactions, and the utility of such interactions in behavioral toxicology is unknown. The reason for this may be the enormous number of variables, which necessitates focusing on only a few parameters to the exclusion of all others. Moreover, many of these behaviors are specific to certain species (e.g., grooming, pup retrieval, and submissive gestures), raising the question of the validity of extrapolation to human behavior. 

Wang, Z. De Vries, G. J. 1993. Testosterone effects on paternal behavior and vasopressin immunoreactive projections in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Brain Res., 657 156—160. 

Makin, J. W., and Porter, R. H., 1984, Paternal behavior in the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus). Behavioral and Neural Biol., 41 135. 

Adams PM, Legator MS, Fanini D. 1983. The effect of paternal exposure to ethylene dibromide on the behavior of the FI progeny [Abstract]. Teratology 27 27A. 

Tanini D, Legator MS, Adams PM. 1984. Effects of paternal ethylene dibromide exposure on FI generation behavior in the rat. Mutat Res 139 133-138. 

When we observed that odortypes were evident in mice as early as 1 day post par-turn, we wondered whether they might exist prenatally. We now know that the odortype of a pregnant female (mouse or human) is a combination of fetal and maternal odortypes (Beauchamp et al. 1994, 1995). This discovery could provide a basis for the mother, or other individuals, to determine paternity of the litter prior to its birth. Such information may prime females to be responsive to their offspring shortly after birth. Also behavioral responses of other mice to pregnant females may be influenced by this information. 

Male Dutch Belted rabbits Paternal Pb (OAc)2 exposure exploratory behavior tests 20, 40, and 80 pg/dl At 25 days postnatal, impaired exploratory behavior Nelson etal. (1997)... 

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