Paternity multiple

Dean, M.D., Ardlie, K.G. and Nachman, M.W. (2006) The frequency of multiple paternity suggests that sperm competition is common in house mice (Mus domesticus). Mol. Ecol. 15,4141—4151. 

Patient Population. The proband of the B family, T.B., was referred to the Lipid Research Clinic at The Johns Hopkins Hospital at the age of five years because of hypercholesterolemia of 900 mg/100 ml. She had multiple planar xanthomas that had first appeared at three years of age. The patient was free of symptoms of ischemic heart disease. The index lipoprotein pattern was type lib (57), with marked hypercholesterolemia, hyperbeta-lipoproteinemia, a mild hyperprebetalipoproteinemia and hypertriglyceridemia. None of the relatives of T.B. had xanthomas or corneal arcus one (J.S.) developed signs of premature coronary atherosclerosis at the age of 43 years. Increased total plasma and LDL cholesterol levels were transmitted over three generations on both maternal and paternal sides of the family (Fig. I). The parents of the proband, S.B. and K.B., had endogenous hypertriglyceridemia as well. Two normolipidemic members of this family (S.B., Jr. and E.B.), were also studied. 

As indicated previously, the major cause of allogeneic tissue transplantation rejection is the polymorphic nature of the MHC phenotype between individuals. Polymorphism in MHC arises within the population because the genes for each of the MHC subclasses can exist in multiple different forms or alleles. For example, in humans there are at least 52 different forms of the MHC IB gene and at least 24 different forms of the MHC IA gene. It follows that individuals in a population can possess any one of the 52 different forms of MHC IB gene and any one of the 24 different forms of MHC 1A gene, so the number of different combinations for the six classes of MHC proteins is many millions. The situation is further complicated by the fact that each individual inherits and co-expresses a set of MHC I and II genes from each parent. This means that on each nucleated cell of the body there will be coexpressed paternally derived and maternally derived versions of the MHC IA, MHC IB and MHC IC molecules. The same principle will apply for coexpression upon APCs of paternal and maternal MHC II protein subclasses. 

Short DNA repeats often appear as multiple copies in higher genomes, positioned in a head-to-tail orientation, and are known as tandem repeats. The number of copies of these repeats varies between individuals and between chromosomes within an individual s genome. This hypervariability, known as polymorphism, can be exploited in paternity testing and forensics. 

Gosselin T, Sainte-Marie B, Bematchez L (2005) Geographic variation of multiple paternity in the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Molec Ecol 14 1517-1525... 

Gullberg, A., Tegelstrom, H. Gelter, H.P. (1992). DNA fingerprinting reveals multiple paternity in families of Great and Blue Tits (Parus major and P. caeruleus). Hereditas, 117, 103-8. 

Females of many salamander species mate multiple times (Halliday and Verrell, 1984 Labanick, 1983 Tilley and Hausman, 1976). Spermatozoa are stored in the spermatheca until they are needed for fertilization. Many insect species also store sperm from multiple inseminations. Depending on the particular insect species, paternity of clutches can be attributed to the first sire alone, some combination of all or most sires, or only the last sire (Parker, 1970 Gwynne, 1984). The only evidence for sperm... 

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