Hybrid-phase catalysts

In the sixties of past century, a few patents issued to Bergbau Chemie [5,48,49] and to Mobil Oil [50-52], respectively described the use of CFPs as supports for catalytically active metal nanoclusters and as carriers for heterogenized metal complexes of catalytic relevance. For the latter catalysts the term hybrid phase catalysts later came into use [53,54], At that time coordination chemistry and organo-transition metal chemistry were in full development. Homogeneous transition metal catalysis was expected to grow in industrial relevance [54], but catalyst separation was generally a major problem for continuous processing. That is why the concept of hybrid catalysis became very popular in a short time [55]. 

The macromolecular metal complexes or ion-pair — — ML° might be hybrid phase catalysts, e.g. R425 ... 

Hybrid-phase catalysts are less sensitive to traces of oxygen and moisture as well as to soft ligands (poisons) compared with mobile analogues. This is favored by the hydrophobic character of the polymer surface. 

R. H. Grubbs, Chem Tech,1977, 512-518, "Hybrid-phase Catalysts". 

For the production of gasoline and other fuels by catalytic cracking of oils, a fluid bed reactor is used. This is a hybrid of a fixed bed and slurry phase reactor. The catalyst is fluidized as it interacts with the feed to be processed. This application is so important it... 

In most liquid- and solid-phase systems, the dilute approximation is typically invalid, and, as a result, many body effects play a significant role. Many body effects are manifested through the effect of solvent or catalyst on reactivity and through concentration-dependent reaction rate parameters. Under these conditions, the one-way coupling is inadequate, and fully coupled models across scales are needed, i.e., two-way information traffic exists. This type of modeling is the most common in chemical sciences and will be of primary interest hereafter. In recent papers the terms multiscale integration hybrid, parallel, dynamic,... 

Figure 11 Toshiba hybrid catalytic combustor. A1--A3 air inlets FI-F3 fuel inlets Zl precom-buslion zone Z2 premixing zone Z3 catalyst zone Z4 gas-phase combustion zone. (From Ref. 97.)...

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