Passive protection systems testing

The next evolution of the method presented by Busch is called PreEffect-iFGS. It is a prospective method for evaluating the field effectiveness of integral pedestrian protection systems [21]. The main procedures of Busch, i.e., selection of relevant accidents, simulation with/without system, translation into injury severity, and calculation of the effectiveness, stayed the same with some additions. The improvement is an incorporation of test results for active and passive safety systems derived from hardware testing [54]. The initial version also includes an automated backwards simulation of each accident based on the values available in GIDAS. The results are then transferred into the commercial software PC-Crash and are then simulated forward with and without the measure in question. 

The APIOOO does not need a containment spray system to cool the containment atmosphere, because this function is performed by the passive containment cooling system. The principal means of post-accident isotope control for the APIOOO relies on natural forces, like natural convection, condensation and conduction, to transfer decay heat from the lower regions of the containment to the containment walls, which are cooled (there is also a containment spray utilising the fire protection system (see Section 8.4.3.10), as a backup for this function. The resulting steam condenses onto the containment wall, and then returns to IRWST or to the containment sump by gravity. Through analysis and testing, it has been shown that the soluble and suspended isotopes move with the water, and thus finish up in the water in the IRWST or the lower portions of the containment. 

Use and Uimitations of Electrochemical Techniques A major caution must be noted as to the general, indiscriminate use of all electrochemical tests, especially the use of AC and EIS test techniques, for the study of corrosion systems. AC and EIS techniques are apphcable for the evaluation of very thin films or deposits that are uniform, constant, and stable—for example, thin-film protective coatings. Sometimes, researchers do not recognize the dynamic nature of some passive films, corrosion produc ts, or deposits from other sources nor do they even consider the possibility of a change in the surface conditions during the course of their experiment. As an example, it is note-... 

Others are the reduction of Fe + and [Fe(CN)6] in solution. These systems are often used for chemical corrosion tests. Pitted metals expose a small area of a few intensively dissolving corrosion pits that are not protected by a passive layer and a large cathode of the passive metal surface. Because of the large size of the cathode, a much smaller cathodic current density is required for the compensating reduction of the redox system in comparison to the active metal dissolution within the pits. However, electronic conduction is still required across the passive layer. Figure 3 depicts the existing sections of a pitted metal surface with the related electrode reactions, the very small metal dissolution /pass, and the redox reaction ha,pass via the protecting oxide film and... 

Soft tissues subjected to repetitive loading, due to their viscoelastic properties, demonstrate creep and load relaxation. The loss of precision, speed, and control of the neuromuscular system induced by fatigue reduces the abihty of muscles to protect the weakened passive structure, which may explaiu many industrial, cHnical, and recreational injury mechanisms. These results further indicate the necessity of relating clinical protocols to the job and show how short-duration maximal isometric testing alone cannot provide the complex functional interaction of strength, endurance, control, and coordination. 

The first consideration of active safety in regulations is included in (EC) No. 78/2009[37], Chapter III Article 11. All vehicles equipped with collision avoidance systems may not have to fulfill the test requirements laid down in Sections 2 and 3 of Annex I in order to be granted an EC type-approval or a national type-approval for a type of a vehicle with regard to pedestrian protection, or to be sold, registered or to enter into service . It is required that [a]ny measures proposed shall ensure levels of protection which are at least equivalent, in terms of actual effectiveness, to those provided by Sections 2 and 3 of Annex I . Article 11 provides a legal basis for future fulfillment of the regulation by both active and passive safety devices, based on the effectiveness required. 

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