Passiflora

Parts Balm 10 Parts Peppermint leaves 25 Parts Valerian root 20 Parts Orange flowers 15 Parts Aniseed 20 Parts Passiflora... 

Fig. 6.2 Compounds 519-524, cyanogenic glycosides from Passiflora species...

Mercadante A.Z., Britton, G., and Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B., Carotenoids from yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 4102, 1998. 

Chassagne D, Crouzet J, Bayonove CL and Baumes RL. 1997. Glycosidically bound eugenol and methyl salicylate in the fruit of edible Passiflora species. J Agric Food Chem 45(7) 2685-2689. 

Ferreres F, Sousa C, Valentao P, Andrade PB, Seabra RM and Gil-Izquierdo A. 2007b. New C-deoxyhexosyl flavones and antioxidant properties of Passiflora edulis leaf extract. J Agric Food Chem 55(25) 10187-10193. 

Talcott ST, Percival SS, Pittet-Moore J and Celoria C. 2003. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant stability of fortified yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis). J Agric Food Chem 51 (4) 935—941. 

A new HP-TLC method has been applied for the quantitative analysis of flavonoids in Passiflora coerulea L. The objective of the experiments was the separation and identification of the compound(s) responsible for the anxiolytic effect of the plant. Samples were extracted with 60 per cent ethanol or refluxed three times with aqueous methanol, and the supernatants were employed for HPTLC analysis. Separation was performed on a silica layer prewashed with methanol and pretreated with 0.1 M K2HP04, the optimal mobile phase composition being ethyl acetate-formic acid-water (9 1 l,v/v). It was established that the best extraction efficacy can be achieved with 60 - 80 per cent aqueous methanol. The HPTLC technique separates 10 different flavonoids, which can be used for the authenticity test of this medicinal plant [121],... 

The flavonoid content of the tinctures of Calendula officinalis L., Passiflora incarnata L and Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. was investigated by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. The anti-inflammatory effect, and the beneficial influence to treat hepatic injuries, tension... 

E. Pastene, M. Montes and M. Vega, New HPTLC method for the quantitative analysis of flavonoids in Passiflora coerulea L. J. Plan. Chromatogr.—Mod. TLC. 10 (1997) 362-367. 

There are a few members of the passionflower family (Passifloraceae) that have psychotropic effects. The one most studied is Pass flora incarnata, although some work has been done on Pass flora coerulea and Passiflora edulis. P. incarnata is a colorful, flowering plant with five white or lavender petals, a purple or pink corona, and five brightly colored stamen (Gruenwald et al. 1998). The parts of the plants used for medicinal effect are the whole plant or aerial parts. It is native to the mid- to southeastern United States. Passionflower has a history with Native Americans as a poultice to treat bruises, and as a tea for sedative/anxiolytic effects (Kowalchick and Hylton 1987). It is one of the most common herbs commercially available in Britain (Tyler 1994). 

Maluf E, Baros HMT, Frochtengarten ML, Benti R, Leite JR. (1991). Assessment of the hypnotic/sedative effects and toxicity of Passiflora edulis aqueous extract in rodents and humans. Phytother Res. 5(6) 262-66. 

Meier B. (1995). Passiflora incarnata L.—Passion flower. Zeitschrift fur Phytotherapie. 16(2) 115-26. Medina JH, Paladini AC, Wolfman C, Levi de Stein M, Calvo D, Diaz LE, Pena C. (1990). Chrysin (5,7-di-OH-flavone), a naturally-occurring ligand for benzodiazepine receptors, with anticonvulsant properties. Biochem Pharmacol. 40(10) 2227-31. 

Medina JH, Viola H, Wolfman C, Marder M, Wasowski C, Calvo D, Paladini AC. (1997). Overview— flavonoids a new family of benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Neurochem Res. 22(4) 419-25. Menghini A, Mancini LA. (1988). TLC determination of flavonoid accumulation in clonal populations of Passiflora incarnata L. Pharmacol Res Commun. 20(suppl 5) 113-16. 

Smith GW, Chalmers TM, Nuki G. (1993). Vasculitis associated with herbal preparation containing Passiflora extract [letter]. Br J Rheumatol. 32(1) 87-88. 

Soulimani R, Younos C, Jarmouni S, Bousta D, Misslin R, Mortier F. (1997). Behavioural effects of Passiflora incarnate L. and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. J Ethnopharmacol. 57(1) 11-20. 

Speroni E, Minghetti A. (1988). Neuropharmacological activity of extracts from Passiflora incarnate. Planta Med. 54(6) 488-91. 

Wolfman C, Viola FI, Paladini A, Dajas F, Medina JFI. (1994). Possible anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a central benzodiazepine receptor ligand isolated from Passiflora coerulea. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 47(1) 1-4. 

Several natural products have been evaluated in rodent models of nicotine withdrawal. An extract of Hypericum perforatum (St. John s Wort, a putative antidepressant, and inhibitor of serotonin reuptake) reversed somatically expressed withdrawal behaviors and locomotor depression in spontaneous withdrawal (Catania et al. 2003). A benzoflavone compound isolated from Passiflora incarnata, interfered with the induction of physical dependence. Coadministration with chronic nicotine prevented various subsequent indicators of withdrawal syndrome in the mouse, including jumping, locomotor inactivity, immobility in the swim test and naloxone-precipitated escape jumping (Dhawan et al. 2002). 

Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A (2002) Nicotine reversal effects of the benzoflavone moity from Passiflora incarnate Linneaus in mice. Addict Biol 7 435 41 Di Chiara G (2000) Role of dopamine in the behavioural actions of nicotine related to addiction. Eur J Pharmacol 393 295-314... 

Glycosides are elaborated by a large number of plants, and within families are often diversified in structure considerably. This diversification seems correlated with the coevolution of groups of plants with specialist herbivores. Examples are found In the Passiflora-Heliconius interaction and in the association of Pieris and Brasslca The same phenomenon has recently been determined to occur in the Drosophila-cactus-yeast coevolved system (5,6) and may be present In the Danaiid-AscIepias and other systems (7). 

The peculiar observation that particular combinations of 6-glucosidases from various related species, or combinations of 6-glucosidases and substrate substitutes, frequently prevented expected hydrolysis (Table li), gave the first indication that the interaction of plant enzymes could be of importance in the Passiflora-Heliconius system. The same inhibitory interaction has since been observed in insect-plant glucosidase combinations (17). 

Table I. Specificity of 6-GlucosIdases of Passiflora and Related Species...

Given the rapid radiation of many specific plant glucosidase-sub-strate systems and the coradiation of specific insect adaptations in the Passiflora-Heliconius coevolutionary interaction, it seems quite reasonable to expect that such a process would occur in other systems. 

---