Particular risk assessment

Depending on the purposes of a particular risk assessment, the risk may be expressed in different terms. Common measures include the number of additional cases of cancer, the percentage increase in cancer incidence, the number of additional cancer deaths, or the percentage increase in cancer mortality in a population. The loss of life expectancy in the population (in person-years) or the average loss of life expectancy per capita (in minutes, hours, or days) also are helpful measures, because the term life expectancy conveys the statistical nature of a risk. The number of working days lost (total per population, or average... 

Finally, the last phase of mixture assessment, that is, risk characterization (Figure 5.2), must consider issues not addressed in single chemical risk assessments for example, the assumptions made in order to use a particular risk assessment method (e.g., similarity in chemical composition between whole mixtures, or... 

This book covers the whole range of uses of chemicals within the chemical industry and downstream manufacturing sectors, as well as all their content in consumer products. Certain substances covered by specific product regulation that requires particular risk assessment and socio-economic analysis must be excluded from the scope of the research (Table 1.1). For instance, pesticides and pharmaceuticals cannot be regulated like most products produced by the chemical industry. A detailed explanation of the excluded substances is presented in Appendix 1.2 and a description of the chemical industry business activities is provided in Appendix 1.3. 

In addition to these extrapolations, an evaluation of indirect effects, other levels of organization, other temporal and spatial scales, and recovery potential may be necessary. Whether these analyses are required in a particular risk assessment will depend on the assessment endpoints identified during problem formulation. 

First, the scope for the use of RBRK models in a particular risk assessment has to be clearly identified since it essentially determines the intended model complexity, model capability, and Ihe extent of model evaluation. Here, the goal is really to specify the purpose for which the RBRK model would be used in a cancer risk... 

The common cause analyses are performed. R R A N N Particular Risk Assessment (PRA) Common Mode Analysis (CMA) Zonal Safety Analysis (ZS A) 5.1.4 ... 

The particular risk assessment determines the most suitable set of criteria. 

Thus, to derive tire greatest benefit from safety activities, and particularly risk assessments, the organisational and administrative arrangements witiiin the company should be aligned and clearly understood by all involved. 

The risk management standards contain familiar concepts for EHS pros. Most particularly, risk assessment clause 5.4, that includes risk identification (5.4.2), risk analysis (5.4.3), and risk evaluation (5.4.4) probably take up most of a EHS pro s time where the risk is an occupational safety or health hazard. Clause 5.5., risk treatment, should be famihar to EHS pros, too. 

Table 4.4 includes an example of a particular risk assessment for a set of mechanical hazards. It is obvious that in the case of winding, the risk is unacceptable. The employer is supposed to take measures to make the risk levels fall back to the... 

A particular risk assessment examines those common events or influences that are outside the system(s) concerned but which may violate independence requirements. These particular risks may also influence several zones at the same time, whereas zonal safety analysis (ZSA) is restricted to each specific zone. Some of these risks may also be the subject of specific airworthiness requirements. Some of particular risks result from airworthiness regulations, while others arise from known external threats to the aircraft or systems. Typical particular risks include, but are not limited to the following ... 

Having identified the appropriate risks with respect to the design under consideration, each risk should be the subject of a specific study to examine and document the simultaneous or cascading effect(s) of each risk. The objective is to ensure that any SR effects are either eliminated or the risk is shown to be acceptable. A particular risk assessment is required for aircraft airworthiness certification by the FAA the process is documented in SAE/ARP-4761, Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment Process on Civil Airborne Systems and Equipment, 1996. 

Performance-influencing factors analysis is an important part of the human reliability aspects of risk assessment. It can be applied in two areas. The first of these is the qualitative prediction of possible errors that could have a major impact on plant or personnel safety. The second is the evaluation of the operational conditions under which tasks are performed. These conditions will have a major impact in determining the probability that a particular error will be committed, and hence need to be systematically assessed as part of the quantification process. This application of PIFs will be described in Chapters 4 and 5. 

Risk Assessment - to identify the risk of an EHS accident associated with a particular EHS operation and, if required, determine the likelihood and consequences of the accidental release in order to develop a risk reduction plan that focuses on accident prevention... 

Since 1970 tlie field of healtli risk assessment Itas received widespread attention witliin both tlie scientific and regulatoiy committees. It has also attracted tlie attention of the public. Properly conducted risk assessments have received fairly broad acceptance, in part because they put into perspective the terms to. ic, Itazard, and risk. Toxicity is an inlierent property of all substances. It states tliat all chemical and physical agents can produce adverse healtli effects at some dose or under specific exposure conditions. In contrast, exposure to a chemical tliat lias tlie capacity to produce a particular type of adverse effect, represents a health hazard. Risk, however, is tlie probability or likelihood tliat an adverse outcome will occur in a person or a group tliat is exposed to a particular concentration or dose of the hazardous agent. Tlierefore, risk can be generally a function of exposure and dose. Consequently, healtli risk assessment is defined as tlie process or procedure used to estimate tlie likelihood that... 

Generally, the slope factor is a plausible upper bound estimate of the probability of a response per unit intake of a ehemieal over a lifetime. The slope factor is used in risk assessments to estimate an upper-bound lifetime probability of an individual developing cancer as a result of e.xposure to a particular level of a potential carcinogen. Slope factors should always be accompanied by the weight-of-evidence classification to indicate the strength of the evidence that the agent is a human carcinogen. Calculational details are presented below. 

Finally, die reader should note that liaznrd risk assessments (HZRA) are examined for acute rather dian clironic exposures. For purposes of diis book, acute exposures are considered to occur for a short period of time. Materitd on clironic liealdi exposures (HRA) is available in Part III of die book. However, it should also be noted that HRA is often mi integral part of HZRA, particularly with any (and in particular) accidental chemical release. 

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