Parasitic disease diseases

Sahcyhc acid USP, EP, and other pharmacopeia grades are used medically as antiseptic, disinfectant, antifungal, and keratolytic agents. Sahcyhc acid is formulated in lotion or ointment formulations for the treatment of dandmff, eczema, psoriasis, and various parasitic skin diseases. Because the keratolytic property of this aromatic acid has use in the safe removal of dead skin cells from the surface of healthy skin, the acid is used in concentrated sahcyhc acid solutions or suspensions to remove warts and corns. In more dilute form, sahcyhc acid preparations have found use in dandmff and eczema treatment. Sahcyhc acid has been considered and found effective by the Advisory Committees to the FDA in various over-the-counter (OTC) dmg regulated uses. Among these are acne products, dermatitis, dry skin, dandmff and psoriasis products, and foot care products (24). 

In 1912, however, (201) it was discovered that espundia (American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis) can be cured by tartar emetic. It was soon learned that kala-a2ar (visceral leishmaniasis) and oriental sore (a cutaneous form of the disease occurring in the Middle East) also respond to antimonial therapy, especially when compounds of pentavalent antimony are employed. Treatment of leishmaniasis with the latter type of antimonials is safe and effective in over 90% of the cases (202). In 1918, it was demonstrated that tartar emetic is of value in the treatment of schistosomiasis (203). Pentavalent antimonials proved to be less effective. The introduction of antimony compounds for the treatment of parasitic diseases is undoubtedly one of the important milestones in the history of therapeutics (see Antiparasitic agents). 

G. C. Cook, Parasitic Disease in Clinical Practice, Springer-Vedag, London, 1990. 

African sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease of increasing importance, with an estimated 300,000-500,000 cases annually. The etiological agents, T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense, are transmitted to humans by the bite of Tsetse flies. 

Liposomal AMB has been shown to be effective in experimental fungal and also parasitic diseases (reviewed by Emmen and Storm,... 

Parasitic diseases, such as trypanosomiasis, malaria, and leishmaniasis, affect himdreds of millions people around the world, mainly in underdeveloped countries. They are also the most common opportunistic infections that affect patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Globally, malaria occupies the first place, but in Latin America, Chagas disease (American Trypanosomiasis) is the most relevant parasitic disease that produces morbidity and mortahty in low-income individuals. 

Identify the primary reasons why some parasitic diseases may be more prevalent in the United States population. 

Although acquired immunity to some parasitic diseases may lower the level of infection, absolute immunity as seen in bacterial and viral infections is seldom seen in parasitic diseases. Since parasitic infections produce a wide variety of antigens because of the many life cycle phases, it is more difficult to identify a constant antigenic protein against which specific antibodies are protective. However, malaria remains a likely candidate for a vaccine and there are ongoing studies to develop one. 

Space constraints do not allow detailed discussions of the world of parasites, and clinicians and students are directed to some excellent resources for further details on parasites and parasitic diseases.1,2 Discussion in this chapter will include those parasitic diseases that are more likely to be seen in the United States and will include gastrointestinal parasites (primarily giardiasis and amebiasis), protozoan infections (malaria and South American trypanosomiasis), some common helminthic... 

Chap. 75 - Parasitic Diseases Universal Program Number 014-999-07-090-H04... 

Detection by LDMS and structural elucidation of other secondary metabolite products, generated in the host during the onset of the parasite disease, is discussed. These molecules may serve as additional biomarkers for rapid malaria diagnosis by LDMS. For instance, choline phosphate (CP) is identified as the source of several low-mass ions observed in parasite-infected blood samples in addition to heme biomarker ions. The CP levels track the sample parasitemia levels. This biomarker can provide additional specificity and sensitivity when compared to malaria detection based on heme ion signals alone. Furthermore the observed elevated CP levels are discussed in the context of Plasmodium metabolism during its intra-erythrocytic life cycle. These data can... 

The timing of the collection of blood specimens depends on the parasite disease suspected. For example, for certain filarial infections, specimens are best obtained between 10 00 p.m. and midnight, whereas for other infections, specimens are best obtained during the day. In malaria, the numbers and stages of parasites in the peripheral blood vary with different parts of the cycle. 

Dell, A., Haslam, S.M., Morris, H.R. and Khoo, K.-H. (1999a) Immunogenic glyco-conjugates implicated in parasitic nematode diseases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1455, 353-362. 

Palanivel, V., Posey, C., Horauf, A.M., Solbach, W., Piessens, W.F. and Ham, D.A. (1996) B-cell outgrowth and ligand-specific production of IL-10 correlate with TH2 dominance in certain parasitic diseases. Experimental Parasitology 84, 168-177. 

The regulation also stipulates that a maximum of three courses of treatment with chemically synthesised allopathic veterinary medical products or antibiotics within one year (or no more than one course of treatment if the productive life cycle is less than one year) is acceptable. These regulations are designed to encourage the use of preventive management and alternative treatments for the control of parasites and diseases. Vaccinations, veterinary medicine treatments for parasites and any compulsory eradication schemes established by Member States are exempt from the treatment maximums, in order to ensure animal welfare. 

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