Parasites elimination

Coulson, P.S., Smythies, L.E., Betts, C., Mabbott, N.A., Sternberg, J.M., Wei, X.G., Liew, F.Y. and Wilson, R.A. (1998) Nitric oxide produced in the lungs of mice immunized with the radiation-attenuated schistosome vaccine is not the major agent causing challenge parasite elimination. Immunology 93, 55-63. 

Interestingly, dMFQ remains as active as FQ on the CQ-susceptible strain 3D7 and less active than FQ but much more active than chloroquine on CQ-resistant strain W2. The other metabolites were less effective than FQ (eight- to tenfold according to their IC50 values), and their IC90 (>>100 nM) values show that they would not be efficient in parasite elimination [148]. Previously, dMFQ was found as active as FQ on CQ-susceptible strain (HB3) and on a moderate CQ-resistant strain (Dd2). dEFQ was found only twofold less active than ferroquine on Dd2 [132]. 

Copper has been employed as a bactericide, moUuscicide, and fungicide for a long time and is of importance in the control of schistosomiasis (see also Antiparasitic AGENTS, ANTHELMINTICS FUNGICIDES, AGRICULTURAL). Addition of copper to lake water acts as an efficient deterrent to transmittal of the disease by eliminating snails that act as hosts for the responsible parasite. Copper is commonly utilized at ca 0.1 mg/L as an algicide. In fresh water, acute toxicosis in fish is unusual if the copper concentration is below 0.025 mg/L (70) (see Poisons, economic). 

Elimination of parasitic horsepower losses and oil shear, which may consume up to 2% of the unit s output power. 

A number of muscle relaxants are useful anthelmintic agents. They cause the parasites to relax their attachment to t he gut wall so that they can be eliminated. One such agent s carbantel 9), Its synthesis follows the classic pattern of r eaction of 4-chlorophenyl isocyanate with ji -amylamidine. ... 

In general, the flow rate F(t) consists of the following additive components the controlled flow rate Fd of the entering gas, the flow rate Fi which is due to parasitic leaks and/or diffusion, and the flow rate Fw resulting from possible adsorption-desorption processes on the system walls (in Section I, references are given to papers dealing with the elimination or control of the wall effects in the flash filament technique). In each of these flow rate components a particular ratio of the investigated adsorbate and of the inert gas exists and all these components contribute to the over-all mean values Fh(t) and F (t). 

Amodiaquine, a Mannich base 4-aminoquinoline, eliminates blood stage parasites. Its mode of action is similar to that of chloroquine (see below) and there is some cross-resistance. 

Artemisinin and its derivatives, artesunate and arthemether, kill both asexual and sexual blood stages (Fig. 2). However, artemisinins are quickly eliminated from the body, resulting in parasite recrudescence, and are therefore combined with schizontocides that have a longer biological half-life, such as amodiaquine,... 

The science of immunology not only encompasses the body s immune responses to bacteria and viruses but is extensively involved in tumour recognition and subsequent rejection the rejection of transplanted organs and tissues the elimination of parasites ftom the body allergies and autoimmunity (the condition when the body mounts a reachon agairrst its own tissues). 

In passively immunized neonatal rats, Tyv-specific antibodies exclude larvae from the epithelium (Appleton et al., 1988), where large numbers of excluded larvae become entrapped in mucus (Carlisle et al., 1991a). Similarly, when immune adult rats are challenged with larvae, many luminal parasites are observed entrapped in mucus (Lee and Ogilvie, 1982 Bell et al, 1984). Larvae are neither injured nor killed by mucus entrapment, which is reversible and is not a requirement for expulsion (Carlisle et al., 1990). Rather, mucus appears to participate in expulsion by temporarily confining larvae to the lumen, thus facilitating their elimination from the intestine by normal physiological processes. 

Miller, H.R. (1987) Gastrointestinal mucus, a medium for survival and for elimination of parasitic nematodes and protozoa. Parasitology 94, S77-100. 

The objective of irradiation of food with y-rays is elimination of parasitizing insects, fungi, and bacteria to prevent premature spoiling of the food and the outbreak of diseases. In addition, retardation of aging and ripening of fruits and vegetables can be achieved. In the Federal Republic of Germany, irradiation of food with the exception of spices is not permissible. 

These agents should be used primarily for acute evacuation of the bowel, which may be necessary before diagnostic examinations, after poisonings, and in conjunction with some anthelmintics to eliminate parasites. 

These days, allelopathic plants as catch crops or trap crops found utilization in plant protection of tropical regions against parasitic weeds. They do not eliminate the parasite completely but decrease the seed bank in the soil. Other applications of allelopathy for weed control include the use of plant residues as a natural herbicide agent, e.g., water extracts, pellets, flours, by-products of crop processing, etc. The strategies for use of volatile compounds as soil fumigants are developed. 

The collaboration among the above-mentioned groups was intense and admirable. It represented a historic case in which members of the most scientific research teams in government and university laboratories collaborated totally with research scienhsts in the pharmaceutical industry with the objective to (1) determine whether a virus was present in human blood that might transmit this disease and (2) if so, how the products could be treated before use in human patients to eliminate the parasite. Before the end of the decade, researchers at the NIH and the Pasteur Institute in France isolated a virus they called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), thought to be the cause of AIDS. 

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