Paper technology, evolution

Professor Kula spent six month on sabbatical leave at the California Institute of Technology with Professor Frances H. Arnold, who has contributed a paper on the topic of Optimizing Industrial Enzymes by Directed Evolution . Professor Arnold shows how enzymes usable in practice, for which in nature under natural conditions there has been no evolutionary stress, can result from directed evolution. 

The problem of evolution of Pd catalysts in the course of a reaction, important from a technological standpoint, was a subject of numerous papers (213-216). Here, we would like to emphasize only some aspects of the problem. 

The basic methods of finishing used for plastics and for other substances like paper, textiles, ferrous and non-ferrous metals were developed originally from each other, so necessarily there are similarities between them—but the evolution of a technology specific for plastics was essential and therefore inevitable. 

Liang, Li-Shiang, "Evolution in Design of CEDI Systems," White paper, Ionpure Technologies, Inc., a Division of Siemens Water Technologies. 

The production and reproduction of graphic material has occupied the attention of mankind since human evolution. Indeed, this desire to create, store, and communicate information sets us apart from lesser animals. Colloids and surfaces have always played a major role in the development of this technology—some of our earliest inventions being polymer stabilized suspensions (inks) and porous substrates (paper). The discovery of photon activated processes led to reprographic technology as it is known today. 

The aim of this paper is to study the evolution of stmcture in the course of laser sintering of fine Si02 powder. It should be noted that there are some technical difficulties in the study of sintering kinetics in case of traditional powder technology when the long time furnace sintering is used. It is especially difficult to carry out the study using such technique in the case of nanopowders. 

Despite the ongoing evolution of paper machine technology no engineering solution has yet been found for the problem of deposits. Part of the problem is that paper is still made predominantly from the pulping of trees and water from a nearby source. Even after pulping and bleaching, the fibres can still have pitch particles associated with them and similarly, untreated water may contain bacteria, spores and fungi. 

Figure 5.1 Evolution of the scientific and technological productivity in the zeolite field, measured as the number of papers (grey) or patents (white) indexed in ISl Web of Knowledge per year under the topic zeolit. Copyright Thomson Reuters 2009. All rights reserved...

This benchmark publication was followed by a series of developments that continues to this day in the evolution of IC as a trace determinative technique. The Dionex Corporation was formed out of these developments from Dow Chemical in the mid-1970s and this company has been quite an innovator in the manufacture of instrumentation for suppressed IC. From the earlier model such as the 10 to the 20001 to the DX 500 from the cation-exchange column to the hollow-fiber cation suppressor to the micro-membrane cation suppressor to the self-regenerate cation suppression for anion analysis and now to their just add water slogan, Dionex Corporation has made considerable advances in IC technology. A nonsuppressed form of IC also developed during the 1970s. To quote from the author s abstract of this benchmark paper (97) ... 

Table 6.3 summarizes the evolution of the computer hardware typically employed in automated x-ray spectrometers. The movement proceeded from punch cards to paper tape (1968), then to tape cassette (1970), to floppy disk (1972), to Phoenix hard drive (1974), to Winchester disk technology (1975), to the personal computer (1980), and finally arrived at the implementation of the CD-ROM (1987). Not insignificant in this development cycle is the impact on the software. In the days of 4K minicomputers supported by paper tape all programs were written in assembler language. With the industry rate of one instruction per hour for a good programmer, a 4K program took the best part of two years to write. Needless to... 

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