Technology evolution

The evolution of the processes for polypropylene production is strictly connected to the improvement of the catalyst system. 

By 1950 Ziegler had worked on the growth of alkyl chains by insertion of ethylene into the Al—C bond of trialkyl-aluminium, mainly focused in the field of polyethylene. Natta, from the beginning, attempted propylene polymerization, succeeding in 

Sustainable Industrial Processes. Edited by F. Cavani, G. Centi, S. Perathoner, and F. Trifiro Copyright 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN 978-3-527-31552-9 

March 1954. Natta s research group fractionated the obtained polymer and found that 40% of it was a hard, high-melting, insoluble fraction. 

Natta s discovery soon found industrial application with the first plant, set up by Montecatini in Ferrara, starting production in 1956. 

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Process Technology Evolution. Maleic anhydride was first commercially produced in the early 1930s by the vapor-phase oxidation of benzene [71-43-2]. The use of benzene as a feedstock for the production of maleic anhydride was dominant in the world market well into the 1980s. Several processes have been used for the production of maleic anhydride from benzene with the most common one from Scientific Design. Small amounts of maleic acid are produced as a by-product in production of phthaHc anhydride [85-44-9]. This can be converted to either maleic anhydride or fumaric acid. Benzene, although easily oxidized to maleic anhydride with high selectivity, is an inherently inefficient feedstock since two excess carbon atoms are present in the raw material. Various compounds have been evaluated as raw material substitutes for benzene in production of maleic anhydride. Fixed- and fluid-bed processes for production of maleic anhydride from the butenes present in mixed streams have been practiced commercially. None of these... 

Nolan JP, Sklar LA (2002) Suspension array technology evolution of the flat-array paradigm. Trends Biotechnol 20 9-12... 

Garud, R. Rappa, M. 1994. A socio-cognitive model of technology evolution. Organization Science, 5 344—362. 

Process Technology Evolution, Growth in the worldwide maleic anhydride industry is exclusively in the buianc-lo-inaleic anhydride route, often at the expense of benzene-based production. Table 2 shows I 995 and estimated 1996. 1997. and 2000 worldwide maleic production capacity broken down in categories of benzene, butane and phlhalie anhydride coproduct. As can be seen from this table butane routes are expected to grow at the expense of benzene-based processes. 

For further details on technological evolutions, see Demailly and Quirion (2005a), where the decreases in added materials prices due to production losses are not taken into account. 

Rhoades RL. Snapshot of CMP technology evolution for non-traditional applications. Proceedings of the 11th CMP-MIC 2006. p343-346. 

The technological evolution of LC/MS and LC/MS/MS has allowed pharmaceutical scientists to address pharmacokinetics-related questions early in drug discovery. By careful and judicious use of cassette pharmacokinetic data coupled with biological activity data, the overall probability of discovering and developing drug-like compounds appears to have increased. 

Given the evidence of brain evolution and the archaeological evidence of technological evolution,... 

Details on the electrodes construction and on the technological evolution are given in chapter 8. 

With the technological evolution during the last 15 years high efficiency column materials have appeared, and with them the development of high-performance liquid chromatography. 

The recent technological evolution requires ecologically safe processing In the field of photoresists systems. Within this scope It Is worthwhile to mention the use of 1-azldopyrene as an Interesting sensitizer to reduce the solubility of novolacs t3rpe phenolic resins In alkaline developers (79). 

The impact of molecular graphics studies in lead generation and optimization is overwhelming. Advances in mathematical and computational sciences, coupled to the fast technological evolution of computers, will continue to offer to pharmacochemistry tools of ever-increasing sophistication and efficiency [12],... 

Technology Evolution of Absorbable/Biodegradable Polymers as Materials... 

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