Papaya extracts

Carrots, kale, tomato, papaya Extract sample with cold acetone, partition into petroleum ether. Saponify (ambient papaya samples only). Magnesia-column chromatography. Add Sudan I as internal standard to final extract. LiChrosphere RP-18 5 /xm 125 X 4 mm MeOH/CHClj, 95 5 Sudan I, /3-cryptoxanthin, a-carotene, /3-carotene Vis 470 nm 94... 

Proteolytic (protein-cleaving) enzymes also have applications in consumer products. For example, papain (from papaya extract) serves as a meat tenderizer. It cleaves the fibrous proteins, making the meat less tough. 

III. Contraindications. No contraindications are known. Caution is warranted in patients with known sensitivity to ovine (sheep) products a skin test for hypersensitivity may be performed in such patients, using diluted reconstituted dmg. There are no reports of hypersensitivity reactions in patients who have received the drug more than once (although a theoretical risk). Product may contain traces of papain therefore, caution is advised in patients with allergies to papain, chymopapain, papaya extracts, and the pineapple enzyme bromelain. 

Several volatile components of papaya (Solo variety) were recovered by four methods vacuum trapping train (distillation under low temperatures with liquid nitrogen traps), codistillation-extraction (vacuum), vacuum distillation, and codistillation-extraction (1 atm) [17]. In spite of great variations due to the recovery method, the results showed that linalool was always the major compound detected for all the methods. 

In another investigation, linalool (Fig. 8.1) was detected in relatively low concentration in the solvent-extracted volatiles of fresh papaya pulp from Sri Lanka [41]. The authors attributed the characteristic sweaty note of this papaya fruit mainly to methyl butanoate. Phenylacetonitrile was also found in high amounts (17.7%), which, according to the authors, combined with lesser concentrations of benzyl isothiocyanate (1.5%) can play a role in the aroma of papaya. 

Another investigation reported the esters as the predominant volatile components of the Maradol variety (about 41% w/w of the total volatiles) [51]. The major representative compounds in the simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction were methyl butanoate and ethyl butanoate. Previous work described the esters as the predominant compounds among the volatiles papayas, for example, from Sri Lanka and Colombia had 52 and 63% of esters in the total volatiles respectively [25,41]. 

The purification of glutamine cyclotransferase from papaya latex has been carried out by Messer and Ottesen (116). A batch procedure was used for the removal of impurities by passage of a papaya latex extract through a thin layer of carboxymethyl-Sephadex the active protein was separated by selective elution. Additional purification was achieved by chromatography on a column of carboxymethyl-Sephadex and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The purified enzyme was homogeneous by the criteria of paper electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 columns and chromatography on carboxy-methyl- or DEAE-Sephadex. The electrophoretic behavior of the enzyme indicates that it is a basic protein with an isoelectric point near... 

Papain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes found in extract of papaya, the fruit of the papaya tree (Carica papaya). It is taken orally in the belief that it reduces edema, inflammation, herpes zoster symptoms, diarrhea, and psoriasis symptoms. The pharmacological mechanisms by which papain may affect coagulation are not known. Patients receiving warfarin should be advised to avoid papain supplementation until further information about this potential interaction becomes available (Table 4.4). 

Papayas contain papain, an enzyme that is similar to the digestive juice pepsin. Because this enzyme breaks down protein, papain extract from papayas is marketed as a meat... 

N1 - CARICA PAPAYA Linn., unripe -fruit pulp extract... 

Figure 1 Alignment of the amino acid sequences of stem bromelain and papain. Amino adds identical for both sequences are boxed. Bioin Anaco Bromelain from Ananas comasun Papa Carpa papain from Cariea papaya. (Sequences were extracted from the SwissProt protean sequence dara base.)...

Milk—or chemically modified milk proteins, lactates, caseinians Mustard (Brassica spp.), brown, mustard flour, extract, oil Papain (Carica papaya L.)... 

In addition to papain, at least two other proteolytic components have been shown to be present in crude extracts of commercial papaya latex, namely, chymopapain (1,27) and papaya peptidase A (28). Since these isolated enzymes are not used commercially, they will not be considered further. 

The flesh of the papaya fruit is orange-yellow and edible. Papaya fruits can be eaten fresh, boiled, preserved, or reduced to a juice. Other products can be created from the milky latex of the papaya including a base for chewing gum and an extract containing the enzyme papain. Papain is used to tenderize tough meats by predigesting some of their proteins. 

Samples of papaya fruit (C. papaya, L.) were prepared by the scheme shown in Figure 1, which involves direct extraction of the fruit (7j. In a typical experiment 0.7 kg of peeled papaya fruit (seeds removed) were homogenized, extracted and concentrated to produce the sample which was subjected to HRGC and HRGC-MS analysis. 

Figure 6. HRGC comparison of papaya (C.papaya, L.) fruit volatiles obtained after high-vacuum distillation/extraction (pH 5.6) (a) and direct extraction (pH 7.0) (b) (J W DB-Wax, 30 m x 0.32 mm id, df = 0.25 pm). Sta = external standard.

Isomers of 6,7-Epoxy-linalool as Precursors of Linalool Oxides. Previously, the triol (21) had been proposed as a possible precursor of the hydroxy ethers (14) and (15), the so-called linalool oxides(Fig-ure 8). At an acidic pH (<3.5) and/or during heat treatment (e.g., steam distillation/extraction), the triol (21) had been found to be decomposed to (14) and (15) (23,24). In these previous experiments no formation of the corresponding pyranoid linalool oxides (22) and (23) was observed. We evaluated the hypothesis that linalool oxides are formed from triol (21) under natural conditions of papaya pulp (i.e. pH 5.6) and could find no formation of linalool oxides. Even in model experiments carried out at pH 3.5, only traces of linalool oxides were detected after incubation of (21) for three days. As a result of these experiments the isomers of 6,7-epoxy-linalool have to be considered as the natural precursors of linalool oxides (14, 15) as recently suggested by Ohloff et al. (25). The latter s proposal was based on earlier findings obtained in a series of chemical reactions (9). 

In a model of oxidative damage of human red blood cells initiated by cumene hydroperoxide, Gawlik and Czajka" showed that white tea extracts at a level of 4 g/150 ml water significantly decreased the formation of the oxidation product, malo-ndialdehyde. White tea extract also showed a superior reducing activity compared to other plant extracts, such as wheat sprouts, Morinda citrifolia, and fermented papaya. ... 

Papain Papaya Yeast and meat extracts beer chiU-proofing protein hydrolyzates meat tenderization leather bating, animal nutrition digestive-tiid anti-inllammatoiy... 

---