Endocrine system pancreas

FIGURE 23-24 The endocrine system of the pancreas. In addition to the exocrine cells (see Fig. 18—3b), which secrete digestive enzymes in the form of zymogens, the pancreas contains endocrine tissue, the islets of Langerhans. The islets contain a, /3, and S cells (also known as A, B, and D cells, respectively), each cell type secreting a specific polypeptide hormone. 

Endocrine Effects. A single study was found that reported on possible effects of uranium on the endocrine system. In this study, no histopathology was seen in the endocrine organs (adrenal, pancreas) in rats given 0.2 mg U/m as uranium tetrachloride for 1 year (Stokinger et al. 1953). 

The endocrine system is comprised of a network of hormone-producing glands. These glands include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. The hormones produced are released in carefully... 

Mandarino L, Bonadonna R, McGuinness O, Wasserman D. Regulation of muscle glucose uptake in vivo. In Jefferson LS, Cherrington AD, eds. Handbook of Physiology, Section 7, The Endocrine System, Vol. 11, The Endocrine Pancreas and Regulation of Metabolism. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001 803-848. 

Licorice may also be found in herbal teas. For example, one tea product is touted as a "women s tonic," and in addition to licorice contains dong quai, astragalus, and ginseng to "combat stress, nourish the adrenals, pancreas, liver, and endocrine system." The tea manufacturer also claims that their product helps with hormonal balance and relief of premenstrual syndrome. 

This chapter gives a general overview of the endocrine system. Some detail is given of the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, the pancreas and disorders of them because health care professionals are likely to come across patients with such disorders. 

One of the most powerfiil group of chemicals in the body are organic compounds collectively referred to as hormones. The glands responsible for the production and release of hormones comprise the endocrine system. Endocrine activities have been identified in certain organs, such as the heart, kidneys, duodenum, liver and the islets of Langeihans in the pancreas (which contains the insulin gland), which are normally associated with other system functions. 

Significance and Mode of Action.— Langdon Brown has suggested that the animal autacoids are the survival of the primitive chemical apparatus which regulated the organism before the evolution of a central nervous system, which, when it arose, became allied to the pre-existing endocrine system in two ways. The sympathetic mechanism became associated with the adrenal, thyroid and pituitary glands the parasympathetic mechanism became associated with the insular tissue of the pancreas and with the choline bases. 

As indicated above, the endocrine system includes the pancreas, which is responsible for the production of insulin. Insulin is a peptide hormone, with the human form comprising 51 amino acids within two chains (A and B), one of 30 amino acids and the other 21 amino acids. It has a... 

High amounts of somatostatin are found in the CNS, the peripheral nervous system, the gut and the endocrine pancreas whereas the kidneys, adrenals, thyroid, submandibular glands, prostate and placenta produce rather low amounts. In particular, the hypothalamus, all limbic structures, the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex, the striatum, the periaqueductal central grey and all levels of the major sensoty pathway are brain areas that are especially rich in somatostatin. Eighty percent of the somatostatin immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus is found in cells of the anterior periventricular nucleus (Fig. 1, [1]). The gut 5 cells of the mucosa and neurons, which are intrinsic to the submucous and... 

The pancreas is an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland. The exocrine tissue produces a bicarbonate solution and digestive enzymes. These substances are transported to the small intestine where they play a role in the chemical digestion of food. These functions are fully discussed in Chapter 18 on the digestive system. 

Metabolic Effects. The hyperglycemic effect of nickel is discussed under endocrine effects because it appears to be secondary to the effects on catecholamine release from the adrenal gland and central nervous system and to the effects on insulin release by the pancreas. 

Silver is cleared from the system via the liver (Furchner et al. 1968 Scott and Hamilton 1950). Deposition of uncleared silver can occur along the renal glomerular basement membrane (Creasey and Moffat 1973 Danscher 1981 Ham and Tange 1972 Moffat and Creasey 1972) and mesangium (Day et al. 1976), and in the Kupffer cells and the sinusoid endothelium cells of the liver (Danscher 1981). Silver has also been detected intra- and extracellularly in the skin and mucosa of the tongue, in the chromaffin cells, cells of the zona glomerulosa, and zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands, and in the exocrine and endocrine sections of the pancreas (Danscher 1981). 

Bertelli E, Bendayan M. Association between endocrine pancreas and ductal system. More than an epiphenomenon of endocrine differentiation and development 7Histochem Cytochem. 2005 53 1071-1086. 

PANCREATITIS Inflammation of the pancreas, an essential part of both the endocrine and the digestive systems. The pancreas secretes juices that aid in digestion, and a number of hormones (including insulin). 

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