Industrial gases oxygen

Driven by civilian demand and reconstruction needs, the chemical industry also expanded. This increased demand for industrial gases oxygen for capacity increases and nitrogen for inerting. Soon, on-site plants were required at chemical complexes, too. 

Toxic or malodorous pollutants can be removed from industrial gas streams by reaction with hydrogen peroxide (174,175). Many Hquid-phase methods have been patented for the removal of NO gases (138,142,174,176—178), sulfur dioxide, reduced sulfur compounds, amines (154,171,172), and phenols (169). Other effluent treatments include the reduction of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and COD, color, odor (142,179,180), and chlorine concentration. 

In the particular case of oxygen, valves shall be resistant to exposure for up to 12 h at all pressures up to 2 bar at 20° C. Requirements for non-return valves for oxygen are also discussed in the British Gas publication Guidance Notes on the Use of Oxygen in Industrial Gas Fired Plant and Working Flame Burners (lM/1). 

Ozone. An unstable, pale-blue gas, and a sibling of oxygen existing in the form of O3. Ozone can be formed in the atmosphere by subtle electrical transfers, especially from pollutants or by shock from lightening. As an industrial gas, it is used as bleach and purification of water due to its reactivity. 

It is the oxidizer for liquid rocket fuels, and as a gas, oxygen is used in a mixture with helium to support the breathing of astronauts and divers and to aid patients who have dif-flculty breathing. It is use to treat (oxidize) sewage and industrial organic wastes. 

Cataban A process for removing small amounts of hydrogen sulfide from industrial gas streams by oxidation, in aqueous solution, to elemental sulfur. The oxidant is the ferric ion, in a proprietary chelated form. The solution is regenerated by atmospheric oxygen. The overall reactions are... 

Sensors based on platinum are used in temperature measurement because of the substantial change of electrical resistivity with temperature. CO detectors are common safety features in homes and industrial buildings. Oxygen sensors, known as Lambda or Exhaust Gas Oxygen (EGO) sensors, use platinum and are a central component of the engine control system in a catalyst-equipped vehicle. 

Air at 1 atmosphere pressure is freely available in most chemical plants. Compressed air can be priced based on the power needed for compression (see Chapter 3). Drying the air—for example, for instrument air—typically adds about 0,005 per standard m ( 0.14/1,000 scf). Nitrogen and oxygen are usually purchased from one of the industrial gas companies via pipeline or a small dedicated over-the-fence plant. The price varies depending on local power costs, but is typically in the range 0.01 to 0.03 per lb for large facilities. 

This book is targeted primarily toward that end user, the one who is responsible for implementing the use of oxygen in a combustion system. However, others should find the book of interest as well, including combustion equipment and industrial gas... 

Oxygen — A chemical element of atomic weight 16, which at normal atmospheric temperatures and pressures exists as a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. Oxygen comprises about 21% by volume of the Earth s atmosphere. Refer to an industrial gas supplier s Oxygen Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for further details. 

Chlorotrifluoroethylene telomer lubricants are used primarily where chemical inertness and nonflammability are required. The chemical industry and the cryogenic gas industry (primarily oxygen) are the major users of these materials. They are used to lubricate all types of process equipment, such as dryers, conveyers, pumps, valves, and compressor seals. Extreme pressure tests using the four-ball method show that they are good lubricants, without any seizure even at an applied load of 800 kg. 

Gas-to-liquid mass transfer is a transport phenomenon that involves the transfer of a component (or multiple components) between gas and liquid phases. Gas-liquid contactors, such as gas-liquid absorption/ stripping columns, gas-liquid-solid fluidized beds, airlift reactors, gas bubble reactors, and trickle-bed reactors (TBRs) are frequently encountered in chemical industry. Gas-to-liquid mass transfer is also applied in environmental control systems, e.g., aeration in wastewater treatment where oxygen is transferred from air to water, trickle-bed filters, and scrubbers for the removal of volatile organic compounds. In addition, gas-to-liquid mass transfer is an important factor in gas-liquid emulsion polymerization, and the rate of polymerization could, thus, be enhanced significantly by mechanical agitation. 

Because plants need nitrogen compounds, potassium compounds, and phosphorus compounds to grow, these are often added to the soil as fertilizers. Potassium sulfate, which is used to make fertilizers, is made industrially by reacting potassium chloride with sulfur dioxide gas, oxygen gas, and water. Hydrochloric acid is formed with the potassium sulfate. 

Sulfur dioxide is a major industrial gas used primarily for the production of sulfuric acid, but also as a bleach and food preservative. One way to produce it is by roasting iron pyrite (iron disulfide, FeSi) in oxygen, which yields the gas and solid iron(III) oxide. What mass of each of the other three substances are involved in producing 1.00 kg of sulfur dioxide ... 

---