Oxidative addition INDEX

This index contains over 25 000 entries to the 6562 text pages of Volumes 1-6. The index covers general types of coordination complex, specific coordination complexes, general and specific organic compounds where their synthesis or use involves coordination complexes, types of reaction (insertion, oxidative addition, etc.), spectroscopic techniques (NMR, IR, etc.), and other topics involving coordination complexes, such as medicinal and industrial applications. 

Antimony Oxide. The effect of antimony trioxide on the oxygen index of flexible poly(vinyl chloride) containing from 20 to 50 parts of plasticizer is shown in Figure 2. The flame resistance as measured by the oxygen index increases with the addition of antimony oxide until the oxygen index appears to reach a maximum at about 8 parts of Sb202. Further addition of antimony oxide does not have any increased beneficial effect. 

Molybdenum Oxide. Molybdenum compounds incorporated into flexible PVC not only increase flame resistance, but also decrease smoke evolution. In Table 10 the effect of molybdenum oxide on the oxygen index of a flexible PVC containing 50 parts of a plasticizer is compared with antimony oxide. Antimony oxide is the superior synergist for flame retardancy but has Httle or no effect on smoke evolution. However, combinations of molybdenum oxide and antimony oxide may be used to reduce the total inorganic flame-retardant additive package, and obtain improved flame resistance and reduced smoke. 

Practically all lubricating oils contain at least one additive some oils contain several. The amount of additive that is used varies from < 0.01 to 30% or more. Additives can have detrimental side effects, especially if the dosage is excessive or if interactions with other additives occur. Some additives are multifimctional, eg, certain VI improvers also function as pour-point depressants or dispersants. The additives most commonly used in hydrautic fluids include pour-point depressants, viscosity index improvers, defoamers, oxidation inhibitors, mst and corrosion inhibitors, and antiwear compounds. 

Lubricants. Petroleum lubricants continue to be the mainstay for automotive, industrial, and process lubricants. Synthetic oils are used extensively in industry and for jet engines they, of course, are made from hydrocarbons. Since the viscosity index (a measure of the viscosity behavior of a lubricant with change in temperature) of lube oil fractions from different cmdes may vary from +140 to as low as —300, additional refining steps are needed. To improve the viscosity index (VI), lube oil fractions are subjected to solvent extraction, solvent dewaxing, solvent deasphalting, and hydrogenation. Furthermore, automotive lube oils typically contain about 12—14% additives. These additives maybe oxidation inhibitors to prevent formation of gum and varnish, corrosion inhibitors, or detergent dispersants, and viscosity index improvers. The United States consumption of lubricants is shown in Table 7. 

Other Applications. The refractive index of siUcate or borosiUcate glass can be modified by the addition of cesium oxide, introduced as cesium nitrate or carbonate. Glass surfaces can be made resistant to corrosion or breakage by surface ion exchange with cesium compound melts or solutions. This process can also be used for the production of optical wave guides (61). 

Domestic heating coil internal corrosion. Where naturally soft or lean city water is supplied and the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) is below -1.0, acid corrosion takes place as a result of the acidic nature of the water. This water often has a high dissolved gas content, which additionally leads to pinhole corrosion. Where water velocities are too high (say, over 6 ft/s 1.8 m/s) the protective oxide layer is stripped off and erosion corrosion takes place. 

The qualitative voltammetric behavior of methanol oxidation on Pt is very similar to that of formic acid. The voltammetry for the oxidation of methanol on Pt single crystals shows a clear hysteresis between the positive- and negative-going scans due to the accumulation of the poisoning intermediate at low potentials and its oxidation above 0.7 V (vs. RHE) [Lamy et al., 1982]. Additionally, the reaction is also very sensitive to the surface stmcture. The order in the activity of the different low index planes of Pt follows the same order than that observed for formic acid. Thus, the Pt(l 11) electrode has the lowest catalytic activity and the smallest hysteresis, indicating that both paths of the reaction are slow, whereas the Pt( 100) electrode displays a much higher catalytic activity and a fast poisoning reaction. As before, the activity of the Pt(l 10) electrode depends on the pretreatment of the surface (Fig. 6.17). 

If measurements are made in thin oxide films (of thickness less than 5 nm), at highly polished Al, within a small acceptance angle (a < 5°), well-defined additional maxima and minima in excitation (PL) and emission (PL and EL) spectra appear.322 This structure has been explained as a result of interference between monochromatic electromagnetic waves passing directly through the oxide film and EM waves reflected from the Al surface. In a series of papers,318-320 this effect has been explored as a means for precise determination of anodic oxide film thickness (or growth rate), refractive index, porosity, mean range of electron avalanches, transport numbers, etc. 

As discussed earlier under Section 2.3, Carbonyl index, in one relatively recent comparison of the photo-oxidative and thermal (oven-aged) degradation behaviour of different polyethylenes, additive free grades of a metallocene (mPE), an HDPE and a linear low-density PE (LLDPE) were analysed by a combination of mid-IR spectroscopy, TGA and CL [13]. The mid-IR... 

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