Overview polymer electrolytes

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) deliver high power density, which offers low weight, cost, and volume. The immobilized electrolyte membrane simplifies sealing in the production process, reduces corrosion, and provides for longer cell and stack life. PEFCs operate at low temperature, allowing for faster startups and immediate response to changes in the demand for power. The PEFC system is seen as the system of choice for vehicular power applications, but is also being developed for smaller scale stationary power. For more detailed technical information, there are excellent overviews of the PEFC (1,2). 

The purpose of the present review is to summarize the current status of fundamental models for fuel cell engineering and indicate where this burgeoning field is heading. By choice, this review is limited to hydrogen/air polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Also, the review does not include microscopic, first-principle modeling of fuel cell materials, such as proton conducting membranes and catalyst surfaces. For good overviews of the latter fields, the reader can turn to Kreuer, Paddison, and Koper, for example. 

Currently, low-temperature CO oxidation over Au catalysts is practically important in connection with air quality control (CO removal from air) and the purification of hydrogen produced by steam reforming of methanol or hydrocarbons for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (CO removal from H2). Moreover, reaction mechanisms for CO oxidation have been studied most extensively and intensively throughout the history of catalysis research. Many reviews [4,19-28] and highlight articles [12, 29, 30] have been published on CO oxidation over catalysts. This chapter summarizes of the state of art of low temperature CO oxidation in air and in H2 over supported Au NPs. The objective is also to overview of mechanisms of CO oxidation catalyzed by Au. 

This volume of Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry is intended to provide an overview of advancements in experimental diagnostics and modeling of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Chapters by Huang and Reifsnider and Gu et al. provide an in-depth review of the durability issues in PEFCs as well as recent developments in understanding and mitigation of degradation in the polymer membrane and electrocatalyst. 

The Polymer Electrolyte and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Brief Overview of Key Components and Features of Cells and Stacks... 

Agrawal, R.C., Pandey, G.P., 2008. Solid polymer electrolytes materials designing and all-solid-state battery applications an overview. J. Phys. D 41,223001-223018. 

Choudhury, N. A., S. Sampath, and A. K. Shukla. 2009. Hydrogel-polymer electrolytes for electrochemical capacitors An overview. Energy Environmental Science 2 55-67. 

An overview on the topic of IS, with emphasis on its application for electrical evaluation of polymer electrolytes is presented. This chapter begins with the definition of impedance and followed by presenting the impedance data in the Bode and Nyquist plots. Impedance data is commonly analyzed by fitting it to an equivalent circuit model. An equivalent circuit model consists of elements such as resistors and capacitors. The circuit elements together with their corresponding Nyquist plots are discussed. The Nyquist plots of many real systems deviate from the ideal Debye response. The deviations are explained in terms of Warburg and CPEs. The ionic conductivity is a function of bulk resistance, sample... 

Murata, K. Izuchi, S Yoshihisa, Y., An overview of the research and development of solid polymer electrolyte batteries, Electrochim. Acta 2000, 45, 1501-1508. 

For both DMFC systems for light traction and for DMFC systems for portable applications, Nafion is still the standard membrane material. A general overview of the polymer electrolyte membrane materials, their modifications, and their function can be found in. [107] and with the focus on the DMFC operation in [108]. 

Polymer electrolyte, alkaline, phosphoric acid, molten carbonate, and solid oxide fuel cell technology descriptions have been updated from the previous edition. Manufacturers are focusing on reducing fuel cell life cycle costs. In this edition, we have included over 5,000 fuel cell patent abstracts and their claims. In addition, the handbook features a new fuel cell power conditioning section, and overviews on the hydrogen industry and rare earth minerals market. 

Pivovar BS (2006) An overview of electro-osmosis in fuel cell polymer electrolytes. Polymer 47 4194-4202... 

IL have been extensively studied due to the different characteristics of these materials. The wide spectrum in properties opens up numerous opportunities for modifying the properties of cations and anions independently, yielding a wide field of application of these materials. Nevertheless, a limited number of studies have focused on the application of IL in fuel cells. In particular, PBIs doped with IL working as polymer electrolyte in fuel cells are a research area that is still under development. Thus, this section will display a general overview, not totally comprehensive, but with coverage of specific and significant results obtained in this area. 

This chapter gives an overview of basic concepts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). The intent is to provide the reader with an intuitive understanding of the processes that underlie fuel cell operation. General and engineering aspects of fuel cell design and operation are treated in greater detail in recently published books (Bagotsky, 2012 Barbir, 2012). Please refer to these books for further discussions of different types of fuel cells and specific aspects of their operation. 

Leveque J-M., Estager J., Draye M., Cravotto G., Boffa L. Benrath W. (2007) Synthesis of Ionic Liquids Using Non-Conventional Activation Methods An Overview, Monatsh. Chem., vol.138, n°ll, p>p.ll03-1113 (August 2007), ISSN 0026-9247 Li DY, Lin YS, Li YC, Shieh DL, Lin JL (2007) Synthesis of mesoporous pseudoboehmite and alumina templated with l-hexadecyl-2/3-dimethyl-imidazolium chloride. Microporous Mesoporous Mater., vol.108, n°l-3, pp.276-282, (February 2008), ISSN 1387-1811 MacFarlane D.R., Sun J., Meakin P., Fasoulopoulos P., Hey J. Forsyth M. (1995). Structure-property relationships in plasticized solid polymer electrolytes, Electrochimica Acta, International symposium on polymer electrolytes, vol.40, n°13-14, pp. 2131-2136, (October 1995), ISSN 0013-4686... 

Abstract During the last two decades, extensive efforts have been made to develop alternative hydrocarbon-based polymer electrolyte membranes to overcome the drawbacks of the current widely used perfluorosulfonic acid Nafion. This chapter presents an overview of the synthesis, chemical properties, and polymer electrolyte fuel cell applications of new proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes based on sulfonated poly(arylene ether ether ketone) polymers and copolymers. 

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are unique in that they are the only variety of low-temperature fuel cell to utilize a solid electrolyte. The most common polymer electrolyte used in PEFCs is Nafion , produced by DuPont, a perfluorosulfonic ionomer that is commercially available in films of thicknesses varying from 25 to 175 pm. This material has a fluorocarbon polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-kbone with side chains ending in pendant sulfonic acid moieties. The presence of sulfonic acid promotes water uptake, enabling the membrane to be a good protonic conductor, and thereby facilitating proton transport through the cell. This chapter reviews PEFC development, structure, and properties and presents an overview of PEM technology to date. 

The content of the book has three main themes basic principles, design, and analysis. The theme of basic principles provides the necessary background information on the fuel cells, including the fundamental principles such as the electrochemistry, thermod5mamics, and kinetics of fuel cell reactions as well as mass and heat transfer in fuel cells. It also provides an overview of the key principles of the most important types of fuel cells and their related systems and applications. This includes polymer electrolyte membrane fuel... 

Fuel cells are usually classified by the electrolyte employed in the cell. An exception to this classification is DMFC (direct methanol fuel cell) that is a fuel cell in which methanol is directly fed to the anode. The electrolyte of this cell does not determine the class. The operating temperature for each of the fuel cells can also determine the class. There are, thus, low- and high-temperature fuel cells. Low-temperature fuel cells are alkaline fuel cells (AFCs), polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), DMFC, and phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs). The high-temperature fuel cells operate at temperatures —600-1000 °C and two different types have been developed, molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). AU types of fuel cells are presented in the following sections in order of increasing operating temperature. An overview of the fuel cell types is given in Table 1.1 [1,5-7]. 

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