Durability Issues

Yu and Wang and coworkers [94, 95] have developed multilayer composite 

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It must also be recognized that adhesive interfaces are not static entities, but may deteriorate or even strengthen over time, and often it is the time course of interfacial strength or durability under different conditions and in different environments that is of greatest concern [4]. As important as durability issues are, they too will not be a direct concern of this chapter. 

In-service issues. As mentioned previously, many early service failures of bonded structure were due to adherend surface treatments that were unstable in long-term exposure to water. A majority of these problems were resolved by the adoption of surface treatments such as chromic and phosphoric acid anodize for aluminum details. The remaining few were alleviated by the adoption of phosphoric acid anodized honeycomb core and foaming adhesives resistant to water passage. Other service durability issues such as the cracking of brittle potting compound used to seal honeycomb sandwich assemblies, and subsequent delamination, have been minor in scope. 

This volume of Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry is intended to provide an overview of advancements in experimental diagnostics and modeling of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Chapters by Huang and Reifsnider and Gu et al. provide an in-depth review of the durability issues in PEFCs as well as recent developments in understanding and mitigation of degradation in the polymer membrane and electrocatalyst. 

Shao Y, Yin G, Gao Y (2007) Understanding and approaches for the durability issues of Pt-based catalysts for PEM fuel cells. J Power Sources 171 558-566 Watanabe M, Tsurumi K, Mizukami T, Nakamura T, Stonehart P (1994) Activity and stability of ordered and disordered Co-Pt alloys for phosphoric acid fuel cells. J Electrochem Soc 141 2659-2668... 

The key is to design the catalyst in such a way, that it selectively catalyzes the above mentioned oxidation reactions, and that it neither catalyzes the oxidation of NO to NO2, nor the oxidation of SO2 to SO3. The latter reaction needs to be suppressed because, irrespective of environmental concerns and catalyst durability issues, any SO3 formed on the catalyst would react with water and condense as sulfuric acid during the sampling of the particulate matter, therefore increasing the mass of particulates, by their definition. 

Auckland Regional Authority converted two M.A.N. buses to use a cetane improver and methanol and South Africa investigated the use of methanol with a proprietary cetane improver. Four Renault buses were converted in Tours, France to operate on ethanol and a cetane improver, Avocet, manufactured by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). The results of these demonstrations were also technically successful slightly better fuel economy was obtained on an energy basis and durability issues were much less than the earlier tests using dedicated engines. 

Investigate and address degradation and durability issues of STAR fuel processor both on the component and integrated fuel processor level. 

Externai conductive coatings Metaiiized coatings Long-term surface conductivity Costly health and safety issues consistency and durability issues... 

C. Arnold-McKenna and G. B. McKenna, Workshop on Aging, Dimensional Stability, and Durability Issues in High Technology Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD, May 28-29,... 

In a PEFC, oxygen and hydrogen crossover is important because of the obvious performance loss, the development of a mixed potential, and even durability issues due to hydrogen peroxide generation platinum migration, and possible carbon corrosion [69]. Furthermore, crossover becomes increasingly important as the membranes used become thinner. Presented in this section are the parameters and governing equations to model this phenomenon. 

Hatanaka T, Takeshita T, Murata H, Hasegawa N, Asano T, Kawasumi M, Morimoto Y (2008) Electrode and membrane durability issues of PEFCs. ECS Trans 16 1961-1965... 

Wood DL, Xie J, Pacheco SD, Davey JR, Borup RL, Garzon FH, Atanassov P (2004) Durability issues of the PEMFC GDL and MEA under steady-state and drive-cycle operating conditions. Fuel Cell Seminar, San Antonio... 

Stress within the cathode or anode materials can be caused when the cathode or anode is fully lithiated or delithiated . This effect, leading to battery durability issues, has to be understood and carefully assessed when deciding on the SOC operating strategy. 

Ceroni F, Cosenza E, Gaetano M and Pecce M (2006), Durability issues of FRP rebars in reinforced concrete members . Cement Concrete Compos, 28,857-868. doi 10.1016/j. cemconcomp.2006.07.004... 

The principle of the fuel cell was discovered more than 100 years ago by the frequently cited Sir William Grove but also by Christian Friedrich Schoenbein [19,20]. However, despite its large potential for highly efficient power generation, it still lacks widespread applications due mostly to the economic aspects and some remaining technical problems, such as durability issues. 

Especially for mass applications such as automotive, a full life cycle assessment (LCA) is absolutely critical. Since there are a lot of embedded resources such as noble metal catalysts and energy for manufacturing fuel cells, LCA very much depends on aspects such as recyclability and lifetime. For the operation period itself, cost, performance, and durability issues are important. But a complete picture must also consider aspects of specific applications including how they are connected in future energy scenarios. 

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