Perfluorosulfonate ionomers

C.H. Liu, K.T. Liao, and H.J. Huang, Amperometric immunosensors based on protein A coupled poly-aniline-perfluorosulfonated ionomer composite electrodes. Anal. Chem. 72, 2925-2929 (2000). 

A.F. Chetcuti, D.K.Y. Wong, and M.C. Stuart, An indirect perfluorosulfonated ionomer-coated electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of the protein human chorionic gonadotrophin. Anal. Chem. 71, 4088-4094 (1999). 

A.A. Karyakin, E.A. Kotel nikova, L.V. Lukachova, E.E. Karyakina, and J. Wang, Optimal environment for glucose oxidase in perfluorosulfonated ionomer membranes improvement of first-generation biosensors. Anal. Chem. 74, 1597—1603 (2002). 

B. Limoges, C. Degrand, and P.J. Brassier, Redox cationic or procationic labeled drugs detected at a perfluorosulfonated ionomer film-coated electrode. J. Electroanal. Chem. 402, 175-187 (1996). 

Perfluoropropyl vinyl ether (PPVE), properties of, 18 330 Perfluorosulfonate ionomers, 14 475... 

Landis, F A. and Moore, R. B. 2000. Blends of a perfluorosulfonate ionomer with poly(vinylidene fluoride) Effect of counterion type on phase separation and crystal morphology. Macromolecules 33 6031-6041. 

The earliest concerted effort in the research and development of Nafion perfluorosulfonate ionomers was directed toward their use as a permselective membrane separator in electrochemical cells used in the large scale industrial production of NaOH, KOH, and CI2. In short, the membrane in this application, in addition to keeping CI2 and H2 gases separated, prevents the unfavorable back migration of hydrated OH ions from the catholyte (concentrated aqueous NaOH or KOH) chamber, while allowing for the transport of hydrated Na+ ions from the anolyte chamber in which is aqueous NaCl. 

The original cluster-network model proposed by Gierke et al. (also referred to as the cluster-channel model) has been the most widely referenced model in the history of perfluorosulfonate ionomers. Despite the very large number of papers and reports that have strictly relied on this model to explain a wide variety of physical properties and other characteristics of Nafion, this model was never meant to be a definitive description of the actual morphology of Nafion, and the authors recognized that further experimental work would be required to completely define the nature of ionic clustering in these iono-mers. For example, the paracrystalline, cubic lattice... 

Owing to these characteristics, PG has been extensively used for the adsorption of DNA and its derivatives. DNA was successfully adsorbed on PG by dry-adsorption at 100 °C [67]. The electrodes were stored in TriS buffer at 4 °C without loss of DNA, showing that DNA was firmly adsorbed on PG. It was demonstrated that the adsorbed ODN was also able to be hybridized with its complementary strand, suggesting that although DNA bases are compromised in the adsorption, they are still available for hybridization [67]. A composite film of DNA and the polyanionic perfluorosulfonated ionomer Nation was cast on PG by the layer-by-layer procedure performed by dry-adsorption [68]. In another approach, the PG surface was electrochemically pretreated at - 1.7 V for 60 s. DNA was then wet-adsorbed at the pretreated electrode surface from solutions containing 0.2 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris- HCl, pH 7.4, for 1 min followed by rinsing the electrode with distilled water [69,70]. 

O. Bagel, B. Limoges, B. Schollhorn and C. Degrand, Subfemtomolar determination of alkaline phosphatase at a disposable screen-printed electrode modified with a perfluorosulfonated ionomer film, Anal. Chem., 69 (1997) 4688-4694. 

Shao, RL., Mauritz, K.A., and Moore, R.B., Perfluorosulfonate ionomer/mixed inorganic oxide nanocomposites via polymer-in situ sol-gel chemistry, Chem. Mater, 1, 192, 1995. 

Composites between polypyrrole and a variety of porous materials such as paper, cloth or wood have been made. Often the respective material was impregnated with an oxidant such as FeCls and subsequently contacted with pyrrole vapor or solution. For example, polypyrrole (and polyaniline) have been made in Nafion perfluorosulfonated ionomer membranes by treatment with aqueous ferric chloride and the monomers. ... 

Yamaguchi T, Koval CA, Noble RD, and Bowman CN. Transport mechanism of carbon dioxide through perfluorosulfonic ionomer membranes containing an amine carrier. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1996 51 4781 789. 

K.M. Cable, K.A. Mauritz, and R.B. Moore. Effects of hydrophihc and hydrophobic counterions on the coulombic interactions in perfluorosulfonate ionomers. Journal of Polymer Science Part B-Polymer Physics 33, 1065-1072 1995. 

E.E. Boakye and H.L. Yeager. Water sorption and ionic-diffusion in short side-chain perfluorosulfonate ionomer membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 69, 155-167 1992. 

The water distribution within a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) has been modeled at various levels of sophistication by several groups. Verbrugge and coworkers [83-85] have carried out extensive modeling of transport properties in immersed perfluorosulfonate ionomers based on dilute-solution theory. Fales et al. [109] reported an isothermal water map based on hydraulic permeability and electro-osmotic drag data. Though the model was relatively simple, some broad conclusions concerning membrane humidification conditions were reached. Fuller and Newman [104] applied concentrated-solution theory and employed limited earlier literature data on transport properties to produce a general description of water transport in fuel cell membranes. The last contribution emphasizes water distribution within the membrane. Boundary values were set rather arbitrarily. 

At MAS speeds above 5 kHz, two major fluorine-19 resonances can be resolved in the acid form of the perfluorosulfonate ionomer Nafion (DuPont trademark). Xenon-129 NMR is used as an alternative probe of morphologically based sorption environments in Nafion. The xenon-129 spectrum of xenon sorbed into Nafion under a pressure of 12 atm shows two resonances corresponding to two sorption environments. ... 

Structure and Properties of Short-Side-Chain Perfluorosulfonate Ionomers... 

KX.AFS analysis of an n-amyl alcohol swollen, Zn neutrali,zed perfluorosulfonated ionomer (64) indicated that this solvent similarly interacts through its hydroxyl groups with the zinc cation. It was jointed out that this result does not exclude that there may also be formation of a hydrogen-bonded complex of the ai.cohol with the fluorocarbon ether linkage that is present in the side chains of the ionomer. 

Park, S., Lunte, S. M., and Lunte, C. E. A perfluorosulfonated ionomer joint for capillary electrophoresis with on-column electrochemical detection. Anal. Chem. 67 911-918, 1995. 

Perfluorosulfonate Ionomers Nafion Dupont Multiple membrane uses... 

Fig. 2 Tensile modulus of 1200 EW perfluorosulfonate ionomer. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 16, Fig. 2. Copyright 1984, Electrochemical Society.

In a another study (.8), we have analyzed the literature data associated with our SANS data and shown that the scattering data on perfluorosulfonated ionomer membranes are consistent with the scattering produced by a group of hard spheres dispersed in the polymeric matrix. The number of ions per cluster was found to change with the water absorption values, with the cation, and with equivalent weight. The occurence of the scattering maxima is due to interference effects between clusters. Further calculations have to be made to take into account a possible anisotropy of these ionic spheres. 

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