Polymer overview

Lenhart, J.L. et al.. Probing snrface and bnUt chemistry in resist hhns nsing near edge x-ray absorption hne stmctnre, J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. B 20, 2920-2926, 2002. Ade, H. et al.. X-ray spectromicroscopy of polymers and tribological surfaces at beamline XIA at the NSLS, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 84, 53-71, 1997. Urquhart, S.G. et al., NEXAFS spectromicroscopy of polymers Overview and quantitative analysis of polyurethane polymers, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 100, 119-135, 1999. 

Urquhart SG, Hitchcock AP, Smith AP, Ade HW, Lidy W, Rightor EG, Mitchell GE (1999). NEXAFS spectromicroscopy of polymers overview and quantitative analysis of polyurethane polymers. J Electron Spec Rel Phen 100 119-135... 

Sugar Based Polymers Overviews and Recent Advances of Vinyl Sugars... 

Van de Velde K, Kiekens P (2001) Thermoplastic polymers overview of several properties and their consequences in flax fibre reinforced composites. Polym Test 20(8) 885-893 Van de Weyenberg I, Ivens J, De Coster A, Kino B, Baetens E, Verpoest I (2003) Influence of processing and chemical treatment of flax fibers on their composites. Compos Sci Technol 63 (9) 1241-1246... 

Isayev, A. (1996) Self-reinforced composites involving liquid-crystalline polymers Overview of development and applications, in Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Systems Technological Advances, (eds A.I. Isayev, T. Kyu and S.Z.D. Cheng) ACS Symposium Series 632, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 1-20. 

Self-Reinforced Composites Involving Liquid-Crystalline Polymers Overview of Development and Applications... 

Recycled Polymers Overview of their Reuse in Blends, Composites and Nanocomposites... 

A logical division is made for the adsorption of nonelectrolytes according to whether they are in dilute or concentrated solution. In dilute solutions, the treatment is very similar to that for gas adsorption, whereas in concentrated binary mixtures the role of the solvent becomes more explicit. An important class of adsorbed materials, self-assembling monolayers, are briefly reviewed along with an overview of the essential features of polymer adsorption. The adsorption of electrolytes is treated briefly, mainly in terms of the exchange of components in an electrical double layer. 

This article addresses the synthesis, properties, and appHcations of redox dopable electronically conducting polymers and presents an overview of the field, drawing on specific examples to illustrate general concepts. There have been a number of excellent review articles (1—13). Metal particle-filled polymers, where electrical conductivity is the result of percolation of conducting filler particles in an insulating matrix (14) and ionically conducting polymers, where charge-transport is the result of the motion of ions and is thus a problem of mass transport (15), are not discussed. 

Polymer alloys are generally named polymer blends within the polymer community. In a recent overview of such blends, Robeson (1994) points out that the primary reason for the surge of academic and industrial interest in polymer blends is directly related to their potential for meeting end-use requirements . He points out that, in general, miscible polymer pairs confer better properties, mechanical ones in particular, than do phase-separated pairs. For instance, the first commercial... 

By the time the next overview of electrical properties of polymers was published (Blythe 1979), besides a detailed treatment of dielectric properties it included a chapter on conduction, both ionic and electronic. To take ionic conduction first, ion-exchange membranes as separation tools for electrolytes go back a long way historically, to the beginning of the twentieth century a polymeric membrane semipermeable to ions was first used in 1950 for the desalination of water (Jusa and McRae 1950). This kind of membrane is surveyed in detail by Strathmann (1994). Much more recently, highly developed polymeric membranes began to be used as electrolytes for experimental rechargeable batteries and, with particular success, for fuel cells. This important use is further discussed in Chapter 11. 

Average moleeular weight development can be measured directly through GPC or SEC, as we mentioned earlier. These measurements have their own problems, but can be very useful when properly tested and interpreted. They provide an excellent basis for predicting PF performance. They can also give an overview of PF eondensation kinetics and even some information about polymer shapes. However, they do not provide detailed information on the chemical structure of the polymer. Such information is required to propose reasonable mechanisms. C-... 

Due to the complexity of macromolecular materials computer simulations become increasingly important in polymer science or, better, in what is now called soft matter physics. There are several reviews available which deal with a great variety of problems and techniques [1-7]. It is the purpose of the present introduction to give a very brief overview of the different approaches, mainly for dense systems, and a few apphcations. To do so we will confine ourselves to techniques describing polymers on a molecular level. By molecular level we mean both the microscopic and the mesoscopic level of description. In the case of the microscopic description (all)... 

L. A. Utracki et al.. Polymer Alloys, Blends and lono-mers An overview in Multiphase Polymers Blends and lonomers (L. A. Utracki and R. A. Weiss, cds.), ACS Symposium Series No. 395, 1-35 (1989). 

W. J. Kores, Barrier Polymers and Structures Overview in Barrier Polymers and Structures (W. J. Kores, ed.) ACS, Washington, 1 (1990). 

Poly(p-pheny lene)s, PPPs, constitute the prototype of rigid-rod polymers and are currently being intensively investigated [1]. The key role of PPPs follows from their conceptually simple and appealing molecular structure, from their chemical stability, and from their superior physical properties [2], In turn, this is the result of important advances made in aromatic chemistry over the last few years. The following section gives an overview of the most common methods to generate poly(p-phenylene)s via different synthetic approaches. 

Figure 9-1. Materials overview a few sclcclcd conjugated polymers and Ihcir properties have been compiled and ihe following abbreviations arc used DO-PPP...Poly(2-decyloxy-l,4-phcnylcnc), EHO-PPP...Poly(2-(2 -elhylliexyloxy)-l,4-phcnylenc), CN-PPP... Poly(2-(6 -cyano-6 -incthyl-licplyloxy)-l,4-phcnylene), m-LPPP... methyl-substituted ladder-type Poly( 1,4-phenylcne), and PLQY=phololuinincs-ecncc quanluni yield.

The chapter is organized as follows in Section 8.2 a brief overview of ultrafast optical dynamics in polymers is given in Section 8.3 we present m-LPPP and give a summary of optical properties in Section 8.4 the laser source and the measuring techniques are described in Section 8.5 we discuss the fundamental photoexcitations of m-LPPP Section 8.6 is dedicated to radiative recombination under several excitation conditions and describes in some detail amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) Section 8.7 discusses the charge generation process and the photoexcitation dynamics in the presence of an external electric field conclusions are reported in the last section. 

In the following section an overview, of several models describing the charge carrier injection and transport of LEDs based on polymers and organic materials, is presented. The focus will be set on mctal/polymer (organic material)/nictal contacts based on a polymer with a low defect concentration will be discussed. A description of LEDs, based on iolymers with a high defect concentration e-m U>... 

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