Ovarian cancer borderline

High uPAR levels in breast, colorectal, and lung cancers predict short overall survival. However, the opposite was found for uPAR in tumor tissue from ovarian cancer patients [143]. Proteins in this study were extracted from the tumor tissue using the Triton X-100-containing acidic buffer [124]. The levels of uPAR, measured with the E4 ELISA, were lower in benign as compared to invasive or borderline tumors. However, among the malignant tumors, the more advanced and poorly differentiated tumors contained lower levels of uPAR than the well-differentiated, less advanced tumors. 

A second, independent study repeated the visual inspection analysis and compared the sensitivities and specificities obtained using visual inspection and a precursor of the SCS analysis on the same data set.43 Biopsy samples of postmenopausal ovaries, benign ovarian neoplasms and ovarian cancers ( 0.5 g) were obtained during surgery. The histological types of these samples were normal (19), benign tumour (3), borderline tumour (3), serous carcinoma (13), endometroid carcinoma (17), mixed epithelial carcinoma (3), and small cell carcinoma (4). Proton MRS measurements were performed at 37°C at 8.5 T.43... 

Absence of ascites may not exclude a malignant disease, as 50% of borderline tumors and 83% of early-stage ovarian cancers are not associated with ascites [4]. Peritoneal carcinosis is characterized by various amounts of ascites and difiuse or focal peritoneal thickening. Benign forms of ascites displaying the same pattern such as postoperative inflammatory changes, bacterial peritonitis, or chronic hemodialysis cannot be differentiated from peritoneal carcinosis... 

Patients with malignant tumors of the ovary and borderline tumors account for 21% and 4% of primary ovarian tumors, respectively [12], Among these, epithelial cancer constitutes for the vast majority with 85%. Serous epithelial and mucinous ovarian cancer account for the majority of epithelial ovarian cancers and present approximately 49% and 36% of all ovarian epithelial tumors, respectively [3], Endometrioid cell cancers account for 8%. The other cancers occur with equal frequency of 2% [3],... 

Borderline tumors are epithelial ovarian cancers with low malignant potential. They account for approximately 4%-14% of all ovarian malignancies and present a different entity from invasive epithelial cancers. Serous and mucinous borderline tumors can be distinguished by specific histologic features including epithelial budding, multilayering of the epithelium, increased mitotic activity, nuclear atypia, and lack of stromal invasion cancer [2]. 

Borderline tumors tend to be large unilateral or bilateral ovarian tumors that cannot be distinguished from invasive ovarian cancers in CT or MRI. Papillary projections ranging from 10 to 15 mm in size and protrude into the cyst wall are more frequently found in borderline tumors compared to benign and malignant epithelial ovarian tumors (Fig. 10.22) [22]. Rarely, borderline tumors may present as a unilocular cyst larger than 6 cm in size [43]. 

Tumorigenicity The risks of endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer in women who have used perineal talcum have been reported [66. The effects of perineal use of talcum powder have been assessed in nurses. About 40% of women who responded to questions about perineal use of talcum reported ever use. The analysis included 66 028 women and there were 599 incident cases of invasive endometrial carcinoma. There was no association overall, but when the results were analysed according to menopausal status there was a positive association in post-menopausal women ever use of talcum powder was associated with a 21% increase in risk of endometrial cancer, and regular use (at least once a week) was associated with a 245-fold increase in risk. There was a borderline increase in risk with increasing frequency of use. 

Denkert C, Budczies J, Kind T, et al. Mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling reveals different metabolite patterns in invasive ovarian carcinomas and ovarian borderline tumors. Cancer Res. 2006 66 10795-10804. 

---