Outcomes indicators measure

Outcome indicators are among those typically called lag indicators in safety science literature, as the outcomes always follow something they are the consequences arising from multiple other situational and contextual factors. Outcome indicators measure the outcomes of the socioteehnical system. However, it has to be remembered that safety is not an outcome and thus cannot be measured with outcome indicators. Safety is a dynamic non-event (Weick 1987) and non-events caimot be characterised or counted. Thus, we have to look at the term dynamic and seek to identify the way the non-event is created and acknowledge that we cannot ever capture the non-event itself... 

Endpoint. An indicator measured in a patient or biological sample to assess safety, efficacy, or another trial objective. Some endpoints are derived from primary endpoints (e.g., cardiac output is derived from stroke volume and heart rate). Synonyms include outcome, variable, parameter, marker, and measure. See surrogate endpoint in the text. Also defined as the final trial objective by some authors. 

Background. Creating measurement indicators is the next step in the CQI process. Measurement of current practices will denote the baseline data for the project. Indicators must be rate based, reporting percent frequency of occurrence over time. The indicator should have a defined data source (utilization records, laboratory records, billing records, etc.), and include a numerator, denominator, reporhng frequency and responsibility, patient population, and threshold goal for improvement. Outcome indicators can be economic, clinical, humanishc, or process measures. Kozma... 

Basal serum FSH and estradiol measurements have been the screening test of choice for assessing ovarian reserve. The rise in basal FSH is an excellent indicator of ovarian aging. In general, day 3 FSH concentrations >2Q to 25 lU/L are considered to be elevated and associated with poor reproductive outcome. Concomitant measurement of serum estradiol adds to the predictive power of an isolated FSH determination. Basal estradiol concentrations >75 to 80pg/mL are associated with poor outcome. ... 

Performance measures, or indicators, are frequently used to measure and compare pharmaceutical outcomes. Performance measures are used to monitor and evaluate important governance, management, clinical, and support functions that affect patient outcomes.A performance measure can be used in one of three ways to warn of potential quality problems, to measure the result of process improvement, and to monitor continuing performance.They are typically expressed as ratios. 

The United States has several major performance measurement systems in place. Two of the most important systems are those directed by the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) for managed care organization (MCO) accreditation and The Joint Commission on Accreditation in Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) for health care organization accreditation. Both NCQA s performance measurement system, HEDIS, and JCAHO s IMSystem include several pharmaceutical outcomes indicators. 

Quality is evaluated by measuring relevant indicators. Outcomes indicators (economic, clinical, and humanistic) will be the major importance in the future for clinical pharmacist services. Clinical pharmacist services must relocate themselves strategically as a proactive agent and lead drug therapy in the healthcare team. 

As indicated previously, decision makers are generally risk avoiders. Additional risk, as measured by the variance of the figure of merit, is to be avoided whenever possible. Thus there are two criteria to be considered simultaneously the figure of merit, for example, present worth, as measured by the expected value (mean, /r) of the distribution and the riskiness of the outcome as measured by the variance (cr ) of the distribution. The former is to be maximized, and the latter is to be minimized. 

An indicator can specify a part of a process to be measured or the outcome of that process. An outcome indicator assesses the results of a process. Examples include the percentage of uncompleted, scheduled IPMs, or the number of uncompleted equipment repairs not completed within 30 days. A process indicator assesses an important and discrete activity that is carried out during the process. An example would be the number of anesthesia machines in which the scheduled IPM failed or the number of equipment repairs awaiting parts that are uncompleted within 30 days. 

A perception survey provides management with an outcome performance measure of itself Major proposals deriving from such a survey— leading indicators if you like—should effect the pattern of expected performance, particularly that of senior executives, and thereby the culture. 

Outcome Indicators. Safety net programs are implemented to improve beneficiaries consumption, incomes, wages, investment in human capital, or the like. To the extent possible, the monitoring system should measure these outcomes, as they provide critical information for both stakeholders and management. 

The indicator measure may be a structure, process, or outcome of care... 

Such an operational plan must have objectives and key performance indicators, as in the end it is measurement that matters. For this there must be targets set, not just improvement of performance. The Roadmap has to be part of target setting. In this regard it must be noted that ICAO s Business plan is on the right track, as it has all three types of indicators causal indicators - which relate to values and behaviours (which are known in other words as core competencies) output indicators - which measure performance in terms if efficiency and productivity and outcome indicators, which relate to the result or effect on clients and stakeholders. 

The measured pressure drops were slightly greater than literature data would indicate for packed carbon beds. However, they are certainly not prohibitive and a successful outcome of the Westinghouse trial of the SOFC guard bed is anticipated. 

Individual Risk - This provides a measure of tlie risk to a person in tlie vicinity of a liazard/accideiit, including tlie nature of the injury or otlier undesired outcomes, and tlie likelihood of occurrence. Individual risk is generally expressed in terms of a likelihood or probability of a specified undesired outcome per unit of time. For example (as indicated above), tlie... 

---