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Indicators assessing causality

Dose—response relationships are useful for many purposes in particular, the following if a positive dose—response relationship exists, then this is good evidence that exposure to the material under test is causally related to the response the quantitative information obtained gives an indication of the spread of sensitivity of the population at risk, and hence influences ha2ard evaluation the data may allow assessments of no effects and minimum effects doses, and hence may be valuable in assessing ha2ard and by appropriate considerations of the dose—response data, it is possible to make quantitative comparisons and contrasts between materials or between species. [Pg.232]

Instead, early commercial assessments of NCEs often employ statistical analysis to produce projections of the numbers of prescriptions in an indication marketplace through time. But from a causal standpoint, forecast methodologies do not address the underlying factors that determine how prescriptions are created in the marketplace. Operationally, prescriptions are generated by patients as they... [Pg.631]

Indicators of disproportionality are measures of association and even quite extreme results may not be causal. The next step is clinical review of the relevant cases and to assess any other relevant information which may be available (see later). Many practitioners do not regard mathematical disproportionahty alone as sufficient to raise a signal. Thus, use of the terms statistical signal and signal of disproportionate reporting is emerging. [Pg.49]

To assess whether experimental data fulfill the Kramers-Kronig relations, one part of the impedance is calculated from the other part of the impedance, which has been experimentally determined. For example, the imaginary part can be calculated from the measured real part of the impedance using Eq. (41). The calculated imaginary part of the impedance can then be compared with the measured imaginary part of the impedance. Any difference between calculated and measured values would indicate a deviation from one of the conditions of linearity, causality, or... [Pg.206]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.20 , Pg.200 ]




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