Orthodontic adhesive

A wide range of repairs is possible with glass-ionomers, and they can be used as liners and bases, and as orthodontic adhesives. 

Orthodontic adhesives Dental fillings Instrument assembly... 

Modern resin-based restorative materials used in stomatology originated with the invention of the so-called Bowen s monomer and the introduction of composites [142]. This monomer is known as BisGMA, a label easier to use than chemical name of 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy)-phenyl]propane.Today, both unfilled and composite resins are widely employed in dentistry—as binding agents, pit and fissure sealants, direct filling materials, orthodontic adhesives, and resin cements [143]. 

Diethyl phthalate Cellulose nitrate, printing transfer films for curved-surface printing (16), conductive composite (17), orthodontic adhesives (18)... 

K.E. Starling, Jr, and B.J. Love, Orthodontic adhesive, US Patent 6 090 867, assigned to Georgia Tech. Research Corporation (Atlanta, GA), July 18, 2000. 

Staining Applications Blood blood smears bone marrow cells " nucleus cytoplasm membrane candies drinks keloid orthodontic adhesives proteins tissues thromhocMes eye lens eye shadow lips " skin " hairs " keratin fibers Biological Applications Treating age-related macular degeneration, bums, cancer, ° diabetes, obesity, dental bone defects, gastroesophageal reflux disease, prostate cancer, " viral diseases stents wound-healing materials ... 

Shinp M, Shinya A, Lassila LVJ, Gomi H, Varrela J, Vallittu PK, Shinya A (2008) Treated enamel surface patterns associated with five orthodontic adhesive systems-surface morphology and shear bond strength. Dental Mater J 27(1) 1... 

Kidd EAM (1976) Microleakage a review. J Dent 4 199 Kitayama S, Nikaido T, Ikeda M, Foxton RM, Tagami J (2007) Enamel bonding of self-etch and phosphoric acid-etch orthodontic adhesive systems. Dent Mater 126 135... 

Polyelectrolyte-based dental cements or restorative materials include zinc polycarboxylates, glass ionomers, a variety of organic polyelectrolyte adhesives as well as alginate-based impression materials. Dental cements are primarily used as luting (cementing) agents for restorations or orthodontic bands, as thermal insulators under metallic restorations, and as sealents for root canals, pits and fissures. They are also sometimes used as temporary or permanent (anterior) restorations. For further introduction to dental materials the reader is referred to standard texts [122,123]. 

Orthodontics is concerned with tooth movement to optimal positions, using metallic archwires ligated to brackets bonded to enamel or dental restorations by adhesive resins, as well as using suitable other metallic appliances, to provide appropriate forces and bending moments in vivo. The force generated by a bent orthodontic wire is proportional to its elastic modulus, and relatively light and continuous forces are considered to be optimum. There is considerable interest in nickel-titanium orthodontic wires, which have the lowest elastic modulus of the major wire alloys [7]. 

Another application of dental composites is orthodontic archwires. One example is a unidirectional pultruded S2-glass-reinforced dimethacrylate thermoset resin. Depending on the yam of glass fiber used, the fiber volume fraction varied from 32 to 74 percent The strength and modulus were comparable with those of titanium wires. Orthodontic brackets were also made from composites with a polyethylene matrix reinforced with ceramic hydroxyapatite particles, resulting in isotropic properties and good adhesion to enamel. 

Related articles include Adhesion in dentistry orthodontics and prosthodontics and Adhesion in medicine. 

The largest voliune of polsrmeric materials used in dentistry is in prosthetic applications. Polymeric materials are also important in operative dentistry, being used to produce composite resins, dental cements, adhesives, cavity liners, and as a protective sealant for pits and fissures. Elastomers are employed as impression materials. Resilient prosthetic devices are oft en fabricated to restore external soft-tissue defects. Mouth protectors are fabricated to prevent injury to teeth, as well as prevent head and neck injinaes. Other polymer applications include fabricating patterns for metal castings and partial denture frameworks, impression trays, orthodontic and periodontal devices, space maintainers, bite plates, cleft palate obdurators, and oral implants. Polymeric materials may also be used to fabricate an artificial tongue, when disease results in its loss. 

Ceramic restoratives are often bonded directly to the tooth surface with adhesive resins, reducing the amount of healthy tooth reduction needed in clinical treatment. Resin-bonded fixed partial denture or resin-bonded ceramic restoration methods are often employed. Adhesive resins are also used for bonding orthodontic brackets, amalgam restoratives, and many other metal and ceramic materials. 

Glass-ionomers, by contrast, are themselves hydrophilic and inherently adhesive to the tooth surface. It therefore requires only slight pretreatment, typically conditioning with 10% aqueous polyacrylic acid. Glass-ionomers rapidly form durable bonds to the tooth surface through the development of an ion-exchange layer at the interface. This ability to bond is exploited in both the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) technique and in bonding of orthodontic brackets, both of which are described in detail in the chapter. 

Replacement of missing teeth using bridges typically employs bonding agents and surface pretreatment procedures (Roulet and Vanherle 2004). Tooth-realigning techniques employed within the dental specialty known as orthodontics employ brackets and wires to force the teeth into more satisfactory positions. The brackets maybe held in place by adhesive agents applied to the surface of the teeth. Aesthetic procedures, such as the placement of ceramic veneers to improve the appearance of the incisors, also typically employ adhesives and surface pretreatments (Mount and Hume 2005). 

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