Speciation of organotin compounds

Inoue Y, Kawabata K (1993) Speciation of organotin compounds by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry combined with liquid chromatography. Journal of the Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan, 41 (4) 245-251. 

Tutschku S, Mothes S, Dittrich K (1994) Determination and speciation of organotin compounds by gas chromatography-microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 683 269-276. 

Applications Since the introduction of commercial GC-MIP-AES systems, organometallic analysis can be performed routinely, e.g. for speciation of organotin compounds used as PVC stabilisers [356], The hyphenated GC-AED technique can be used to improve the efficiency of additive analysis. While on the one hand... 

A recent method [ 114] for the speciation of organotin compounds in seawater combines solid-phase extraction, online HG, and GC with MIAE. This method enjoys a 0.5 pg detection limit for tin. 

C. Concentration and Speciation of Organotin Compounds in the Natural Environment... 

There are many references to the speciation of organotin compounds (particularly butyltin compounds) in marine sediments (see below), when compounds Uu Snk4 are separated by GLC or HPLC and analyzed by mass spectroscopy (MS),56 sometimes with isotope dilution.57-59... 

Lobinski et al. [72] optimized conditions for the comprehensive speciation of organotin compounds in soils and sediments. They used capillary gas chromatography coupled to helium microwave induced plasma emission spectrometry to determine mono-, di-, tri- and some tetraalkylated tin compounds. Ionic organotin compounds were extracted with pentane from the sample as the organotin-diethyldithiocarbamate complexes then converted to their pentabromo derivatives prior to gas chromatography. The absolute detection limit was 0.5pg as tin equivalent to 10-30pg kg-1. 

Yang et al. [83] accomplished speciation of organotin compounds using reverse-phase liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. The separation was complete in 6min and detection limits were in the range 2.8-16pg of tin for various species. 

S. Aguerre, C. Pecheyran, G. Lespes, E. Krupp, O. F. X. Donard and M. Potin-Gautier, Optimisation of the hyphenation between solid-phase microextraction, capillary gas chromatography and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the routine speciation of organotin compounds in the environment, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 16(12), 2001, 1429-1433. 

One of the first reported couplings of GC-ICP-MS was by Van Loon et al. [115], who used a coupled system for the speciation of organotin compounds. A Perkin-Elmer Sciex Elan quadrupole mass filter instrument was used as the detector with 1250 or 1500 W forward power. The GC system comprised a Chromasorb column with 8 ml min 1 Ar/2 ml min-1 02 carrier gas flow with an oven temperature of 250°C. The interface comprised a stainless-steel transfer line (0.8 m long) which connected from the GC column to the base of the ICP torch. The transfer line was heated to 250°C. Oxygen gas was injected at the midpoint of the transfer line to prevent carbon deposits in the ICP torch and on the sampler cone. Carbon deposits were found to contain tin and thus proved detrimental to analytical recoveries. Detection limits were in the range 6-16 ng Sn compared to 0.1 ng obtained by ETAAS, but the authors identified areas for future improvements in detection limits and scope of the coupled system. 

Inoue, Y., Kawabata, K. and Suzuki, Y. (1995) Speciation of organotin compounds using inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with micellar liquid-chromatography. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 10, 363-266. 

Dirkx, W.M.R. and Adams, F.C. (1992) Speciation of organotin compounds in water and sediments by gas chromatography/atomic absorption spectrometry (GC-AAS). Mikrochim. Acta, 109, 79. 

Morabito, R., Chiavarini, S. and Cremisini, C. (1996b) Speciation of organotin compounds in environmental samples by GC-MS. In Quality Assurance for Environmental Analysis (eds Quevauviller, Ph., Maier, E.A. and Griepink, B.), Vol. 17. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 437 pp. 

Suyani, H., Creed, J., Caruso, J. and Satzger, R.D. (1989) Helium microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry for capillary gas chromatographic detection speciation of organotin compounds./. Anal. At. Spectrom., 4, 777-782. 

White, S., T. Catterick, B. Fairman, et al. 1998. Speciation of organotin compounds using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry as complementary techniques. J. Chromatogr. A 794 211-218. 

Liu, Y., Lopez-Avila, V., Alcaraz, M., and Beckert, W. F., Offline complexation/SFE and GC with atomic emission detection for the determination and speciation of organotin compounds in soils and sediments. Anal. Chem., 66, 3788-3796, 1994. 

Thomaidis, N. S., Adams, E. C., and Lekkas, T. D., A simple method for the speciation of organotin compounds in water samples using ethylation and GC-QFAAS, Mikrochim. Acta, 136, 137-141, 2001. 

Bancon-Montigny, C. H., Lespes, G., and Potin-Gautier, M., Improved routine speciation of organotin compounds in environmental samples by pulsed flame photometric detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 896, 149-158, 2000. 

Gui-Bin j, Qun-Fang Z and Bin H (2000) Speciation of organotin compounds, total tin, and major trace metal elements in poisoned human organs by gas chromatography-flame photometric detector and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 34 2697-2702. 

F. Han, J.L. Fasching and P.R. Brown, Speciation of organotin compounds by capillary electrophoresis using indirect ultraviolet absorbance detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 669,103-112,1995. 

Rodriguez-Gonzalez P, Encinar JR, Alonso JIG, and Sanz-Medel A (2003) Isotope dilution analysis as a definitive tool for the speciation of organotin compounds. The Analyst 128 447-452. 

G. A. Zachariadis and E. Rosenberg, Speciation of organotin compounds in urine by GC MIP-AED and GC-MS after ethylation and liquid-liquid extraction, J. Chrom. B, 2009, 877, 1140-1144. 

Schubert P., Rosenberg E., and Grasserbauer M. (2000) Optimization of a sample preparation procedure for the speciation of organotin compounds in sediment samples using GC-AED, Int. J. Environm. Anal. 

Sato, K., Kohri, M., and Okochi, H. (1996).The speciation of organotin compounds in seawater by hydride purge-and-trap/ICP-MS. Bunseki Kagaku 45(6), 575. 

Morabito, R. Speciation of organotin compounds in environmental matrices. Microchem. /., 51,198-206. 

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