Organophosphorous materials

The use of copolymers is essentially a new concept free from low-MW additives. However, a random copolymer, which includes additive functions in the chain, usually results in a relatively costly solution yet industrial examples have been reported (Borealis, Union Carbide). Locking a flame-retardant function into the polymer backbone prevents migration. Organophosphorous functionalities have been incorporated in polyamide backbones to modify thermal behaviour [56]. The materials have potential for use as fire-retardant materials and as high-MW fire-retardant additives for commercially available polymers. The current drive for incorporation of FR functionality within a given polymer, either by blending or copolymerisation, reduces the risk of evolution of toxic species within the smoke of burning materials [57]. Also, a UVA moiety has been introduced in the polymer backbone as one of the co-monomers (e.g. 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone-formaldehyde resin, DHBF). 

Zirconium phosphonates are solid materials typically synthesized in amorphous forms under aqueous conditions by the reaction of a soluble salt of a tetravalent metal and a phosphonic acid or an organophosphoric acid ... 

Accelerated solvent extraction is a new technique for the extraction of a range of organic pollutants from soils and related material. The technique is based on the use of a solvent or combination of solvents to extract organic pollutants at elevated pressure and temperature from a solid matrix. The range of organic pollutants for which the technique is proposed includes semi volatile compounds, organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorous pesticides, chlorinated herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [66-69]. 

During our investigation, PPhs and CH3SO3H were found to add to unactivated alkynes in the presence of a palladium or rhodium complex. The regiochemistry and stereochemistry could be controlled by a judicious selection of the metal catalyst. Alkenylphosphonium salts have various applications in synthetic chemistry,and the present method enables an easy access to the organophosphorous compounds using readily available starting materials. 

Kawagoshi Y, Fukunaga I, Itoh FI (1999) Distribution of organophosphoric acid triesters between water and sediment at a sea-based solid waste disposal site. J Material Cycl Waste Management 1, 53-61. 

Flame-retardant textiles are textiles or textile-based materials that inhibit or resist the spread of fire. Factors affecting flammability and thermal behavior of textile include fiber type, fabric construction, thermal behavior of textile polymer and its composition as well as the presence or absence of flame additives. On the other hand, flame-retardant additives can be classified by their chemical composition or by mode of action, i.e., gas phase action or by the formation of protective barrier [49, 50]. Moreover, flame-retardant functional finishes of cellulose-based textiles can be accomplished by [i] using inorganic phosphates, (ii) with organophosphorous compounds, [iii) with sulfur-derivatives or (iv) by grafting flame retardants monomers [49,50]. 

In the field of solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods, research is oriented toward the identification and synthesis of new sorbents with increased selectivity. It has already been shown that polar adsorbents such as Oasis HLB (vinylpyrrolidone-divinylbenzene copolymer) can isolate organophosphorous pesticides from blood or serum, or triazines, acetamides and phenoxy acids from surface and waste water. Recently, a new polymeric material, polyaniline, was introduced for the extraction of chlorophenolic pesticides in water samples. Immunosorbents produced by covalent immobilization of the antibody generated against the target analyte on... 

Atropine, the racemate of (S)- and (R)-hyoscyamine, is formed during the extraction of plant material. Although ( S)-hyoscyamine is more effective than the (/ )-enantiomer, atropine is more widely used for traditional reasons. In medicine, atropine is used against spasms during a biliary colic, as antidote against intoxication with organophosphorous insecticides, and as pre-medication before surgery to decrease salivation and respiratory secretion. (iS)-Scopolamine... 

Finally, some biological materials, mainly enzymes, have been introduced into carbon composite matrices and the resulting electrodes used as environmental biosensors (in addition to numerous other biosensing applications ). The main examples are based on tyrosinase (or polyphenol oxidase) for the detection of phenolic compounds or thiols, acetylcholinesterase for organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, ° ° organophosphorous hydrolase for pesticides, or bienzymatic systems for amperometric immunosensor for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ... 

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