Biosensing applications

The biosensing configuration described above is referred to as a sandwich assay7 but a similar optical configuration can be used in a variety of other biosensing applications, e.g., monitoring of DNA hybridisation events. 

The applications of nanoparticles in biosensors can be classified into two categories according to their functions (1) nanoparticle-modified transducers for bioanalytical applications and (2) biomolecule-nanoparticle conjugates as labels for biosensing and bioassays. We intend to review some of the major advances and milestones in biosensor development based upon nanoparticle labels and their roles in biosensors and bioassays for nucleic acids and proteins. Moreover, we focus on some of the key fundamental properties of certain nanoparticles that make them ideal for different biosensing applications. 

Relatively less work has been done on immobilization of plant and animal cells and spores of microbes in silica matrixes. The main drawback is less viability of the cells in sol-gel matrices. Thus more refined methods are required to utilize harness of the whole cells entrapped in sol-gel matrices and biosensing applications. At the same time studies such as interactions between sol-gel matrices and whole cells and metabolic changes during immobilization have to be closely monitored for the exploration of new matrices and methods. 

V.B. Kandimalla, V.S. Tripathi, and H.X. Ju, A conductive ormosil encapsulated with ferrocene conjugate and multiwall carbon nanotubes for biosensing application. Biomaterials 27,1167-1174 (2006). 

Zourob, M. Goddard, N. J., Metal clad leaky waveguides for chemical and biosensing applications, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2005, 20, 1718 1727... 

A.B.M. Ismail, T. Harada, T. Yoshinobu, H. Iwasaki, M.J. Schoning and H. Liith, Investigation of pulsed laser-deposited A1203 as a high pH-sensitive layer for LAPS-based biosensing applications, Sens. Actuators B Chem., 71(3) (2000) 169-172. 

A. Malinauskas, R. Araminaite, G. Mickeviciute and R. Garjonyte, Evaluation of operational stability of Prussian blue and cobalt hexacyanofer-rate-based amperometric hydrogen peroxide sensors for biosensing application, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 24 (2004) 513-519. 

Biosensing Use of gold supports with biomolecules and enzymes as functionalization materials, for biosensing applications (electrochemical and optical). 

Slowing II Trewyn BG Giri S Lin VSY, Mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug delivery and biosensing applications, Adv. Funct. Mater, 2007, 17, 1225-1236. 

With the features of field-enhanced, quadratic signal amplification and its self-referencing property [16-18], SPDS has shown improved sensitivity compared to the normal SPR in biosensing applications. Especially, it generates a significantly improved signal-to-noise ratio in the study of oligonucleotide hybridization, where a classical SPR sensor is usually poorly qualified. 

Su S, Ali MM, Filipe CDM, Li Y, Pelton R (2008) Microgel-based inks for paper-supported biosensing applications. Biomacromolecules 9 935-941... 

In terms of biosensing applications using such layers, again cholera toxin detection on a porous silicon substrate [85] has been reported. Also biotin-avidin interaction by QCM [86], glutamate detection [87], as well as protein membrane interactions [88, 89] have been studied. 

Due to the low oxidation potential required for its synthesis, pyrrole (PPy) has been mostly used for biosensing applications compared to other... 

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