Organophosphates treatment

Nagymajtenyi L, Schulz H, Desi I. 1995. Changes in EEG of freely-moving rats caused by three-generation organophosphate treatment. Arch Toxicol 17 (Supp) 288-294. 

DDT had prewar insecticides. Coupled with new organophosphate treatments, for a brief window in the 1940s the range of treatments recommended for lawn problems actually became more narrow, with these few chemicals topping the list for all lawn-related problems. At the same time, use of these chemicals became far more widespread and common, and even universal, in the population at large. 

Wehner JM, Smolen A and Smolen TN (1985). Recovery of acetylcholinesterase activity after acute organophosphate treatment of CNS re-aggregate cultures. Fund Appl Toxicol, 5, 1104-1109. 

Lotti M, Becker CE. 1982. Treatment of acute organophosphate poisoning Evidence of a direct effect on central nervous system by 2-PAM (pyridine-2-aldoxime methyl chloride). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 19 121-127. 

Ware GW, Morgan DP, Estesen BJ, et al. 1975. Establishment of reentry intervals for organophosphate-treated cotton fields based on human data. III. 12 to 17 hours post-treatment to monocrotophos, ethyl- and methyl parathion. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 3 289-306. 

Brandt [200] has extracted tri(nonylphenyl) phosphite (TNPP) from a styrene-butadiene polymer using iso-octane. Brown [211] has reported US extraction of acrylic acid monomer from polyacrylates. Ultrasonication was also shown to be a fast and efficient extraction method for organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticisers [212]. Greenpeace [213] has recently reported the concentration of phthalate esters in 72 toys (mostly made in China) using shaking and sonication extraction methods. Extraction and analytical procedures were carefully quality controlled. QC procedures and acceptance criteria were based on USEPA method 606 for the analysis of phthalates in water samples [214]. Extraction efficiency was tested by spiking blank matrix and by standard addition to phthalate-containing samples. For removal of fatty acids from the surface of EVA pellets a lmin ultrasonic bath treatment in isopropanol is sufficient [215]. It has been noticed that the experimental ultrasonic extraction conditions are often ill defined and do not allow independent verification. 

None of the calves of 10 cows showed clinical signs of neurotoxicity after the cows were orally exposed to an unknown quantity of a Fyrquel hydraulic fluid reclamation waste that according to the authors possibly contained tri-ort/20-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), and that was applied liberally to their backs one time as a treatment for ringworm (Julian et al. 1976). The cows were seen licking their backs and the backs of other cows thus, the cows were orally and dermally exposed to organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids. 

Currently there are few insecticides registered as surface treatments to control stored-product insects. For years the organophosphate insecticide malathion was used as a surface treatment for structural facilities, but stored-product insects throughout the world have developed extensive resistance to malathion (Subramanyam and Hagstrum, 1996). Most of the resistance reports were generated from studies with bulk grains, but in the United States, resistance has been documented for field populations of the red flour beetle, T. castaneum (Herbst), and the confused flour beetle, T. confusum (DuVal), collected from flour mills (Arthur and Zettler, 1991, 1992 Zettler, 1991). Populations of the Indianmeal moth, the almond moth, and the red flour beetle collected from bulk peanuts and empty warehouses were also highly resistant to malathion (Arthur et al., 1988 Halliday et al., 1988). 

McDonald Be, Costa LG, Murphy SD. 1988. Spatial memory impairment and central muscarinic receptor loss following prolonged treatment with organophosphates. Toxicol Lett 40 47-56. 

Irreversible anticholinesterases include the organophosphorus inhibitors and ambenonium, which irreversibly phosphorylate the esteratic site. Such drugs have few clinical uses but have been developed as insecticides and nerve gases. Besides blocking the muscarinic receptors with atropine sulphate in an attempt to reduce the toxic effects that result from an accumulation of acetylcholine, the only specific treatment for organopho-sphate poisoning would appear to be the administration of 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide, which increases the rate of dissociation of the organophosphate from the esteratic site on the enzyme surface. 

Meyer J, Bester K (2004) Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticisers in wastewater treatment plants. J Environ Monit 6 599-605... 

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