Organization realism

Rebuffs from the official system of artistic unions and competitions soon put a damper on the optimism that had been awakened in Kosmatschof by the success of his sculpture in Ashkhabad - for example, when he was not permitted to realize his designs for large-scale sculptures outside the new Soviet embassy in Mauritania, which he had developed in porcelain. Kosmatschof had created a series of studies for this work, which he was able to produce in a ceramics studio man-sized sculptures or groups of sculptures which decline mechanic/ organic themes in a surrealistically schooled vocabulary of forms and which in today s canon can be placed, in retrospect, between Oldenburg, Luginbuhl and New Realism. Nevertheless, the... 

Pollutant realism Is achieved when the test system Includes sufficient diversity of components and the physical and chemical properties so that the pollutant behaves In the test system as it would In nature. Pollutant realism Is lacking because, In most test protocols, the pollutant does not Interact with any part of the environment, except the organism. A lack of pollutant realism In traditional tests may result In overestimates of risk. As an example, substantial Information Is now available about the toxicity of TCDD to numerous species when they are exposed via Injection, Incubation, diet, or dermal application. At Times Beach, Missouri, the TCDD is In the soli, and because It has apparently been there for some time, It is probably tightly bound to the soil. Little Is published about the toxicity of TCDD bound to soil, for any means of exposure. Intuitively, I suspect the TCDD Is less toxic when bound to soil than In the forms commonly used In toxicity testing. Thus, the risks of TCDD-lnduced toxicity to humans at Times Beach may be much smaller than would be suggested by the results of traditional testing which lacks this aspect of pollutant realism. 

Pauling s resonance theory raised questions as to the ontological status of theoretical entities very similar to the problematique associated with discussions about scientific realism. Differences in the assessment of the methodological and ontological status of resonance were the object of a dispute between Pauling and Wheland, who worked towards the extension of resonance theory to organic... 

At first sight, this poses a fatal dilemma for internal realism. On the first hom of the dilemma we face organizational metaphysical realism. It claims that there are numerous conceptual schemes and they do not simply copy the structure of reality. Such copying would not even be possible, since we do not have direct access to that inherent structure. Rather, the human mind actively projects structures into reality it introduces distinctions, sets up similarity relations, etc. However, there are external constraints on the construction of conceptual schemes, and these constraints are afforded by the inherent structure of reality. Some schemes cut at the joints more often than the others. Failures to cut at the joints are manifested in bad or inaccurate predictions, lack of explanatory power, repeated failures, etc. This view does provide the external constraints necessary for the objectivity of knowledge, and also makes room for the active organizing role of the intellect. But the price is... 

It might seem there is an easy way to escape the dilemma. Instead of saying with blob realism that there is no inherent structure, we might say that there are infinitely many structures. Organization consists in selecting from these structures, and codifying the selected structures conceptually and linguistically. Since there are structures in reality one can select from, there are constraints. So we have freedom... 

To recapitulate, the organization picture leads to a dilemma. What our conceptual schemes organize either has inherent structure, or has no inherent structure. The first hom - organizational metaphysical realism - provides external constraints but sacrifices internal realism. The second hom - blob realism - saves us from metaphysical realism, but has no defense against relativism. Perhaps, however, there is a way to break out of the dilemma to treat what we organize as something like the Kantian thing in itself. 

There is no reason why the internal realist could not help herself to the notion of supervenience. It requires no match between entities carved out in different conceptual schemes, as the first attempted reply. It does not call for stepping outside all conceptual schemes into the quasi-noumenal realm of stuff to be organized, as the second attempted solution. So the answer to the question is roughly this. Two conceptual schemes share the same domain if the entities described in one of them supervene on the entities described in the other one. There is only one thing that might be cause for concern. How do we know that the supervenience relation actually obtains The problem is exacerbated by the fact that supervenience claims are modal claims. (If there is a mental difference, there must be some physical difference.) This question has not received much attention. Fortunately, I will not have to attempt to solve it now, for it is not a special problem for internal realism. It is a problem for all positions which employ the notion of (modal) supervenience. I trust that if it is solved, the solution can be accepted by the internal realist as well. (The issue of sharing a domain will be discussed in more detail in 5.1.)... 

In contrast to the aforementioned toxicity tests, in situ toxicity tests involve exposing organisms to contaminants on-site. This provides for more environmental realism, but there is also less control over confounding variables that may affect toxicity (spatial or temporal variation in temperature, sunlight, nutrients, pH, etc.), or other factors that may disturb or disrupt the test (animals, winds, floods, vandalism, etc.). For these tests, animals may be placed in mesh cages or corralled by impermeable barriers, such as wood, metal, or plastic sheets, at various locations throughout the contaminated zone. Plants may be planted in plots of contaminated soils. Toxicity endpoints may include survival, sublethal effects, or accumulation of contaminants in body tissues. For these tests, organisms are also placed in less contaminated sites for comparison. 

Private CO. H A 70 organic farmers in micro-basin Hierarchical/ technical relationship Super-planning Input and technical assistance Group certification High visual quality City supermarkets Demand- stimulated conversion Economic realism, technological orientation High environment impact... 

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