Oxygenation organic compounds having heteroatoms

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon (C) compounds, all of which have covalent bonds. Carbon atoms can bond to each other to form open-chain compounds, Fig. 1.1(a), or cyclic (ring) compounds, Fig. 1.1(c). Both types can also have branches of C atoms, Fig. 1.1(b) and (d). Saturated compounds have C atoms bonded to each other by single bonds, C—C unsaturated compounds have C s joined by multiple bonds. Examples with double bonds and triple bonds are shown in Fig. 1.1(c). Cyclic compounds having at least one atom in the ring other than C (a heteroatom) are called heterocyclics, Fig. 1.1 (/). The heteroatoms are usually oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), or sulfur (S). 

Heterocyclic compounds make up the third and largest class of molecular frameworks for organic compounds. In heterocyclic compounds, at least one atom in the ring must be a heteroatom, an atom that is not carbon. The most common heteroatoms are oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, but heterocyclics with other elements are also known. More than one heteroatom may be present and, if so, the heteroatoms may be alike or different. Heterocyclic rings come in many sizes, may contain multiple bonds, may have... 

Reactions of Organic Anions with Heteroatom Electrophiles. Carbanions and some heteroanions, generated under PTC conditions, enter a variety of reactions with compounds having electrophilic centers on sulfur, chlorine, and oxygen atoms. Of particular interest is direct thioalkylation of carbanions with organic thiocyanates. In this case hydrophilic cyanide anions formed during the reaction are easily transferred to the aqueous phase therefore, they do not hamper PTC process. Arylacetonitriles, some acetylenes, and even haloforms are easily thioalkylated with thiocyanates under these conditions (eqs. 92-94). 

This chapter will introduce hydrocarbon organic molecules that involve 7i-bonding. Compounds composed of carbon bonded to other atoms (heteroatoms) such as oxygen and nitrogen have both o- and Ji-bonds. The rules of nomenclature will be extended to accommodate each new functional group. The physical properties that result from polarized covalent bonds and Ji-bonds will be discussed, using simple hydrocarbons as a starting point. 

We have prepared a new type of donor-acceptor organic compound in which both components are linked by two heteroatoms (sulphur, oxygen or... 

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