Oxygen organic compounds with

Monomers for manufacture of butyl mbber are 2-methylpropene [115-11-7] (isobutylene) and 2-methyl-l.3-butadiene [78-79-5] (isoprene) (see Olefins). Polybutenes are copolymers of isobutylene and / -butenes from mixed-C olefin-containing streams. For the production of high mol wt butyl mbber, isobutylene must be of >99.5 wt % purity, and isoprene of >98 wt % purity is used. Water and oxygenated organic compounds iaterfere with the cationic polymerization mechanism, and are minimized by feed purification systems. 

The most successful class of active ingredient for both oxidation and reduction is that of the noble metals silver, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. Platinum and palladium readily oxidize carbon monoxide, all the hydrocarbons except methane, and the partially oxygenated organic compounds such as aldehydes and alcohols. Under reducing conditions, platinum can convert NO to N2 and to NH3. Platinum and palladium are used in small quantities as promoters for less active base metal oxide catalysts. Platinum is also a candidate for simultaneous oxidation and reduction when the oxidant/re-ductant ratio is within 1% of stoichiometry. The other four elements of the platinum family are in short supply. Ruthenium produces the least NH3 concentration in NO reduction in comparison with other catalysts, but it forms volatile toxic oxides. 

Acetic acid or Acetic anhhydride von Schwartz, 1918, 34 Cooling is necessary to prevent possible explosion from contact of potassium permanganate (or the sodium or calcium salts) with acetic acid or acetic anhydride. See Oxygenated organic compounds, below... 

Figure 9.7 Six- and five-membered cyclic ethers. The stable ring structures which are adopted by hexoses and pentoses are five- or six-membered and contain an oxygen atom. They are named as derivatives of furan or pyran, which are the simplest organic compounds with similar ring structures, e.g. glucofuranose or glucopyranose for five-or six-membered ring structures of glucose respectively.

Oxidative reactions of organic compounds with molecular oxygen take place with high efficiency and selectivity in the presence of Werner-type metal complexes used as catalysts. The catalytic effects of metal complexes have received attention also as models for metalloenzymes, which are catalysts that possess special high efficiency and high selectivity for oxidative reactions in vivo. 

All the work described in this section thus has a common theme inasmuch as it deals with the influence of various environmental factors on the activity of homogeneous oxidation catalysts. In particular, the results shed valuable light on the ways in which temperature, the structure of the organic substrate, the concentration and the form of the catalyst, and reaction time may all affect the nature and kinetics of the various competing stages involved in the reaction of organic compounds with molecular oxygen. 

The isomer ratios reflect the equilibrium distribution of conformers in the free organic compound, with axial oxygen preferred. 

---