Organic manures poultry

Compared to baseline levels, soil organic C and N increased by 22% in the organic treatment and <1 % in the conventional treatment (Clarke et al. 1998). Carbon inputs to the organic treatment (poultry and green manures) were 6.2 times greater than to the conventional system (Cunapala and Scow 1998). 

Poultry manure is another valuable source of nutrients to the organic farmer, but it must come from an ethical system. 

By housing cattle overwinter and composting the farmyard manure, the organic farmer has ready access to a balanced fertiliser that can be spread where most required. The grazing animal does not actually import fertility onto the farm but it does recycle nutrients where it grazes and provides a source of manure when housed. This is as true of sheep, pigs and poultry as of cattle. The only problem with outdoor pigs is that they tend to rip up pastures. 

Poultry manure has frequently been found to increase yields of pastures and crops and is a valued organic fertiliser used by horticulturalists and dairy farmers. However, when this has been applied at high rates (more than about 18t/ha), there are reports of damage to crops and pasture. 

The most common way to use manure is to spread it uniformly over the garden area several weeks before planting and to turn it under. Two hundred and fifty to 500 pounds of large animal manure per 1000 square feet will improve soil fertility significantly while adding considerable organic material to the soil. One hundred to 200 pounds of poultry manure will suffice. 

Phenol is present in plant and animal organic wastes as a result of decomposition. The level of phenol present in poultry manure, for example, has been shown to increase as degradation proceeds. Phenol is an important industrial chemical and enters the environment in air emissions and wastewater connected with its use as a chemical intermediate, disinfectant and antiseptic (United States National Library of Medicine, 1997). 

Figure 4.2. Carbon released as C02 from unamended soil and soils amended with pig slurry (PS), poultry manure (PM), cattle farmyard manure (FYM), aerobic sewage sludge (SS), municipal solid waste fuse compost (RC), and rye straw (RS) at a rate of lOgkg1 during incubation at 22 °C. Reprinted from Levi-Minzi, R., Riffaldi, R., and Saviozzi, A. (1990). Carbon mineralization in soil amended with different organic materials. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 31, 325-335, with permission from Elsevier.

The effect of amending soil with other types of organic-rich material has also been investigated by sequential extraction. These materials include chicken manure and cowpea leaves (Li et al, 1997) spent mushroom compost, commercial humic acid and poultry litter (Shuman, 1998) and cow manure, pig manure and peat soil (Narwal and Singh, 1998). The mechanisms by which inorganic additives (zeolite, apatite and iron oxide) reduce uptake of Cd and Pb by crops have also been studied (Chlopecka and Adriano, 1997). 

Add organic fertilizers Organic fertilizers such as bonemeal or rock phosphate are useful when planting new shrubs and trees, or where the soil is poor. Poultry litter, or manure, provides nitrogen, phosphates, potash, and calcium. Comfrey... 

Although there is suitable pasture for grazing in Verava, there is less animal husbandry than in other parts of the Ibiiina territory. Five farms in Verava raised horses or mules and several other farmers used horse manure as compost. However, no data could be found to verify this observation. Poultry keeping was found as a large-scale operation in one rural enterprise and poultry waste was previously one of the most affordable methods of compost used but the organic certification authorities recently banned this practice. 

Manure (cattle, pigs) Litter (cattle, poultry) Straw Biomass from landscape preservation Market waste Silage leachate Grocery store waste (expired food) Food leftovers (restaurants, catering, etc.) Oil and fat trap waste Organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) Leather production Pharmaceutical waste Primary wastewater sludge... 

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