Carbon inputs

The first commercial oil-fumace process was put into operation in 1943 by the Phillips Petroleum Co. in Borger, Texas. The oil-fumace blacks rapidly displaced all other types used for the reinforcement of mbber and today account for practically all carbon black production. In the oil-fumace process heavy aromatic residual oils are atomized into a primary combustion flame where the excess oxygen in the primary zone bums a portion of the residual oil to maintain flame temperatures, and the remaining oil is thermally decomposed into carbon and hydrogen. Yields in this process are in the range of 35 to 50% based on the total carbon input. A broad range of product quaHties can be produced. 

As we already know, glucose is the major carbon input. Carbon from tyrosine, tryptophane and dtric add is negligible and can be exduded from the calculation. 

Input rates of organic C into the soil system are hard to quantify, particularly for natural ecosystems and to a lesser extent for agricultural ecosystems. Whereas quantity and quality of carbon inputs via litter fall and plant residues after harvest might be directly measurable, inputs via roots and rhizodeposition are more difficult to assess. 

S. C. van dc Geijn and J. A. van Veen, Implications of increased carbon dioxide levels for carbon input and turnover in soils. Vegetatio I04/I05 2S3 (1993). 

Ineson P, Cotmfo MF, Bol R, Harkness DD, Blum H (1996) Quantification of soil carbon inputs under elevated C02 C3 plants in a C4 soil. Plant Soil 187 345-350... 

Important, poorly-constrained variables in this carbon balance include temporal and spatial variations in precipitation and RO DIC, carbonate dust, and pedogenic carbonate and soil C02. In addition, ocean and lake response to river carbon input is not well known. Although marine and freshwater aquatic organisms can be fertilized by increases in N, P, Si, Fe, Zn and C02 (Cassar et al. 2004 Zondervan 2007), it is not clear how much of the... 

To calculate carbon sequestration potentials, accurate measures of carbon inputs and outputs are needed. Long-term management studies may provide information needed in SOC maintenance calculations (VandenBygaart et al. 2003 McVay et al. 2006 Richter et al. 2007). One of the oldest management studies conducted in the world is the Rothamsted long-term study. Information on this study is available at http //www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/resources/LongTermExperiments.html. Links to other long-term studies are available at http //ltse.env.duke.edu/resources/links. 

Once the carbon inputs are known or estimated, several different methods can be used to determine carbon turnover. SOC turnover can be described using zero and first-order kinetics (Paul and Clark 1989). For zero-order kinetics, the temporal change in the substrate concentration (SSOC/St) is defined by the equation... 

Kuzyakov Y, Cheng W (2001) Photosynthesis controls of rhizosphere respiration and organic matter decomposition. Soil Biol Biochem 33 1915-1925 Kuzyakov Y, Domanski G (2000) Carbon inputs by plants into the soil. Rev J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 163 421—431... 

Katz, M. E. Pak, D. K. Dickens, G. R. Miller, K. G. (1999). The source and fate of massive carbon input during the latest paleocene thermal maximum. Science, 286, 1531. 

Compared to baseline levels, soil organic C and N increased by 22% in the organic treatment and <1 % in the conventional treatment (Clarke et al. 1998). Carbon inputs to the organic treatment (poultry and green manures) were 6.2 times greater than to the conventional system (Cunapala and Scow 1998). 

Priority 1 — Quantifying the Anthropogenic Carbon Input Priority 2a — Understanding the Biological Pump Priority 2b — Tracing Water Masses Priority 3 — Other Analytes of Interest... 

Total S content cannot indicate whether increased carbon inputs to sediments cause increased diffusion of sulfate into sediments or restrict reoxidation and release of S from sediments, because the net effect is the same. In a survey of 14 lakes, Rudd et al. (80) did not observe a strong correlation between organic matter content per volume and net diffusive flux of sulfate. However, in English lakes the lowest C S ratios occur in the most productive lakes (24) whether this represents enhanced influx or retarded release is not clear. Among 11 Swiss lakes, ratios of C to S sedimentation rates are relatively constant and substantially below C S ratios in seston net S fluxes... 

McCart, E., A. M. Gordon, N. K. Kaushik, B. Lazerte, E. Mallory, R. W. Bachmann, J. R. Jones, R. H. Peters, and D. M. Soballe. 1995. Characterization of selected allochthonous organic carbon inputs within a terrestrial-aquatic ecotone in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Lake Reserve Management 11 168. 

In this chapter, we develop a simple model that predicts the maximum possible heterotrophic organic N formation as a function of the importance of allochthonous carbon inputs. We then review data from the literature on the relative importance of heterotrophic organic N formation in aquatic systems. This material is presented in a landscape context, following a flow path of organic matter from streams to the open ocean. We consider a variety of evidence to look at heterotrophic organic N formation, including enhancement of decomposition by N additions and ecosystem budgets. We rely, however, primarily on data from 15N addition studies to quantify the... 

The maximum value of HON/AON increases in systems with allochthonous carbon inputs. The maximum potential is related directly to the allochthonous organic matter input that is respired in the system (Alloch. Resp.). Additionally, the increased HON will depend on the relative growth efficiency of heterotrophic bacteria on allochthonous material (BGEa och) and the C N ratio of allochthonous material (C Nalloc]l), such that... 

Caraco, N. F., and J. J. Cole. 2002. When terrestrial carbon is sent down the river Importance of allochthonous carbon inputs to the metabolism of lakes and rivers. In Food Webs at the Landscape Level (G. A. Polis and M. E. Power, Eds.). University of Chicago Press. 

Field studies point in a similar direction field comparisons of peptide hydrolysis rates and amino acid turnover in coastal sediments showed that amino acid production could exceed uptake by a factor of approximately 8 (Pantoja and Lee, 1999). A comparison of potential enzyme activities and sedimentary amino acid and carbohydrate inventories in sediments from the Ross Sea also showed that potential hydrolysis rates on time scales of hours should in theory rapidly deplete sedimentary amino acid and carbohydrate inventories (Fabiano and Danovaro, 1998). In deep-sea sediments, Poremba (1995) also found that potential enzyme activities in theory could exceed total sedimentary carbon input by a factor of 200. Finally, Smith et al. s (1992) investigation of potential hydrolysis rates and amino acid uptake in marine snow demonstrated that the particle-associated bacteria were potentially producing amino acids far in excess of their own carbon demand. 

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