Poultry waste

Han F.X., Kingery W.L., Selim H.M., Gerald P. Accumulation of heavy metals in a longterm poultry waste-amended soil. Soil Sci 2000 165 260-268. 

HASHIMOTO, A.G. (1974). Aeration of poultry waste for odor and nitrogen control. Transaction of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 17, 978-982. 

EVANS, M.R., HISSETT, R., SMITH, M.P.W., THACKER, F.E. WILLIAMS, A.G. (1980) Aerobic treatment of beef cattle and poultry waste compared with piggeiy waste. Agric. Wastes 2, 93-101. 

Except in case of the anaerobic digestion of poultry waste, methane production decreases as retention time is reduced. This is a result of the substrate being exposed for less time to the action of anaerobic bacteria. With the poultry waste, it was noted that methane production increased as the retention time was reduced. Also the methane production in the three retention times studies was much higher than that reached in the mixed wastes study when the retention time was greater than 30 days. 

The aim of the next study will be to determine the optimum concentration in poultry waste. 

Han, F.X., Kingery, W.L., Selim, H.M. et al. (2004) Arsenic solubility and distribution in poultry waste and long-term amended soil. Science of the Total Environment, 320(1), 51-61. 

Macdiarmid and Burrell 1992) such as those used to process poultry waste (Kornillowicz-Kowalska 1997a) and actinomycetes have also been discussed (Bockle and Muller 1997 Kunert and Stransky 1988), and fibers incubated for thirty days with an actinomycete lost their luster and looked dull at a gross level (Brady et al. 1990). On detailed examination these fibers had suffered enzyme attack and structural damage. Loss of the protective cuticle exposed the underlying cortex to enzymatic attack, resulting in separation of individual cortical cells. 

Shih, J. C. H. (1993). Recent developments in poultry waste digestion and feather utilisation—A review. Poult. Sci. 72,1617-1620. 

Steinsberger, S. C., and Shih, J. C. H. 1984. The construction and operation of a low-cost poultry waste digester. Biotech. Bioeng.,26, 537-543. 

Poultry wastes are equally problematic to meat wastes. Starkey (2000) reviewed the considerations for selection of a treatment system for poultry processing wastewater, including land availability, previous site history, publicly owned treatment work discharge, conventional waste... 

Ross, C. C. and Valentine, G. E. (1992). Anaerobic treatment of poultry processing wastewaters. Proceedings of the 1992 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium, p. p. 199, Auburn, AL. 

Jackson, B.P., and P.M. Bertsch. Determination of arsenic speciation in poultry wastes by IC-ICP-MS. Environmental Science Technology 35,4868 873 (2001). 

Although there is suitable pasture for grazing in Verava, there is less animal husbandry than in other parts of the Ibiiina territory. Five farms in Verava raised horses or mules and several other farmers used horse manure as compost. However, no data could be found to verify this observation. Poultry keeping was found as a large-scale operation in one rural enterprise and poultry waste was previously one of the most affordable methods of compost used but the organic certification authorities recently banned this practice. 

Schmidt, W.F., (1998), Innovative feather utilization strategies. H-oceedings of National Poultry Waste Management conference, pp 276-282, Springdale, Ar., October 19-22,1998. 

In the UK, poultry waste is legally defined as the product obtained by drying and grinding waste from slaughtered poultry. The product must be substantially free of feathers (Feeding Stuffs Regulations 2005). 

The best method of treating poultry wastes for use as animal foods is by drying, but this is costly ensiling, either alone, with forage, or with barley meal and malt, has proved satisfactory. 

Poultry wastes must, by law, carry a declaration of the amount of protein equivalent of uric acid if 1 per cent or greater and of calcium if in excess of 2 per cent. 

Chen, Y.R. and Hashimoto, A.G. (1976) Rheological properties of aerated poultry waste slurries, Trans. ASAE, 19,128-33 (1976) Pipeline transport of livestock waste slurries, Trans. ASAE, 19,898-902,906. 

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