Organic compounds aqueous solutions

Fatty acids from fatty alcohols, up to C5 benzene from nonpolar organic compounds Aqueous solutions of formaldehyde alkynes from alkanes Polar materials such as water, alcohols,... 

Dohanyosova, P., Fenclova, D., Vrbka, P., Dohnal, V. (2001) Measurement of aqueous solubility of hydrophobic volatile organic compounds by solute vapor absorption technique toluene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, and butylbenzene at temperatures from 273 K to 328 K../. Chem. Eng. Data 46, 1533-1539. 

S. Kobayashi, T. Busujima, S. Nagayama, Scandium Triflate-Catalyzed Strecker-Type Readions of Aldehydes, Amines, and Tributyltin Cyanide in Both Organic and Aqueous Solutions. Achievement of Com-plde Recovery of the Tin Compounds toward Environmentally Friendly Chemical Processes Chem. Commun 1998, 981-982. 

A general extraction scheme (Figure 2.16) can be devised to extract semivolatile organics from aqueous solution such that important categories of organic compounds (i.e., bases, weak acids, strong acids, and neutrals) are fractionated from each other and isolated in an organic solvent. Many... 

Mixed-valence H H pseudohahdes, such as T1(CN)2 and T1(N3 )2, were first prepared more than 100 years ago. Like the analogous halides, these compounds do not contain Tl , but instead can be formulated as T1[T1(CN)4] and T1[T1(N3)4], respectively. The former compound can be isolated from both organic and aqueous solutions. As is expected, the Tl(III) is tetrahedraUy coordinated. The redox stability of the TIX4" complex might be explained in a similar manner to that ofTlL,. ... 

While use of trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) as a cyano anion source provides promising and safer routes to these compounds, TMSCN is easily hydrolyzed in the presence of water, and it is necessary to perform the reactions under strict anhydrous conditions. On the other hand, tributyltin cyanide (B SnCN) (Luijten and van der Kerk 1955, Tanaka 1980, Harusawa et al. 1987) is stable in water and is a potential cyano anion source, although there have been no reports of Strecker-type reactions using Bu3SnCN. In this section, we report scandium triflate-catalyzed Strecker-type reactions of aldehydes, amines, and Bu3SnCN in both organic and aqueous solutions. Complete recovery of the toxic tin compounds is also described. 

Aqueous, chromium-free acidic solutions have also been developed for aluminum materials that may contain complex fluorides of titanium and zirconium, phosphate, and special organic compounds. These solutions are applied by spraying or dipping (up to 60 °C) and produce thin, almost colorless conversion layers with a surface weight < 0.1 g/m. ... 

Generally, a continuous phase that is a nonsolvent for the microencapsulated bioactive compound is favorable. For lipophilic compounds, aqueous solutions may be comfortably chosen while the use of hydrophobic, organic liquids is preferred as coutinuous phase for the encapsulation of hydrophilic compounds. The ideal rate of solvent removal depends on a variety of factors like the type of matrix material, drug and solvent as weU as the desired release profile of the microspheres. 

Liquid-liquid extraction is a simple and convenient technique used to separate organic compounds from solutions or aqueous suspensions where they are present. Although LLE is often considered the conventional extraction method, it presents disadvantages because it consumes large volumes of organic solvents, which are expensive and represent a danger to health and the environment... 

Adsorption from solution has already been mentioned in Chapter 4 relating to the specific surface area of colloidal silica. These and other methods have also been applied to silica powders and gels. Adsorbates include organic compounds from organic and aqueous solutions as well as organic and inorganic cations and the OH ion from water. Polar compounds in nonpolar (hydrocarbon) solvents are adsorbed on the polar SiOH surface. Adsorption on the dehydrated siloxane surface is not as well understood. However, there is evidence that in water, the siloxane surface is hydrophobic. It adsorbs only hydrophobic materials or groups. 

The ability of some organic compounds to gel in organic and aqueous solutions has been a phenomenon that has received significant attention because of its application in separation science, drug delivery, materials science, sensing, and biomimetics. Gels are a well-known colloidal... 

Tunon, I., Silla, E., and Pascual-Ahuir, J.-L. "Theoretical Study of the Inversion of the Alcohol Acidity Scale in Aqueous Solution. Toward an Interpretation of the Acid-Base Behavior of Organic Compounds in Solution." /. Am. Chem. Soc., 115,2226 (1993). 

Numerous studies have been carried out on synthesising metal and metal compound nanoparticles using acoustic cavitation process in organic and aqueous solutions. The fundamental mechanism involved in generating metal or metal compound... 

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