Names and Formulas of Organic Compounds

TABLE 3.7 Word Stem (or Prefix) Indicating the Number of Carbon Atoms in Simple Organic Molecules  

The names of fhe alkanes are composed of two parts a word stem (or prefix) and fhe ending (or suffix) -ane indicating that the molecule is an alkane. The first four word stems in Table 3.7 reflect common names, while the rest indicate the number of carbon atoms in the alkane. Thus C5H12 is pentane and C7H16 is heptane (hept = 7). 

Hydrocarbon molecules with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms are called alkenes. The simplest of the alkenes is ethene (Fig. 3-9d) its name consists of the stem eth- and the ending -ene. Benzene, C H (Fig. 3-9e), is a molecule with six carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal ring. Molecules with structures related to benzene make up a large proportion of known organic compounds. 

Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures. We first check to see if the molecular formulas are the same. If the formulas are not the same, they represent different compounds. If the formulas are the same, the compounds may be isomers, but only if their structures are different. 

Cb) These molecules have the same formula, C6H14, but they differ in structure. They are isomers. The difference in structure is that in the first structure, a methyl side chain is on the middle carbon atom of a five-carbon chain, and in the second structure it is on the second carbon atom from the end of the chain. 

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Genesis and evolntion in the organic chemistry of Ge, Sn, and Pb compounds 35 TABLE 2. Names and formulas of organotin compounds synthesized by Ldwig... 

Give the names and formulas of the compounds in Table 2-1 that are organic compounds. 

An older nomenclature system used the name of the radical (the name of the parent hydrocarbon with the -yl ending) plus the word alcohol. Thus, ethanol is also known as ethyl alcohol and, because it is the most familiar alcohol, even simply as alcohol. The formulas of organic compounds can be written in the reverse direction, so ethanol can be represented by HOCH2CH3, as well as by CH3CH2OH. 

The rules for naming inorganic compounds are set down by the Committee on Inorganic Nomenclature of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC). The names and formulas of a few organic compounds were given in Table 2-2, and more systematic rules for naming them will appear in Chapter 27. 

Organic Iodine Compounds Tabl 102 Classification and List of Names and Formulae of Contrast Agents 497... 

Scheme S2.2 The names and formulae of some organic compounds. When one substituent is attached to a benzene ring it sets position 1. Other substituents then take the positional numbers indicated on the diagram for methyl benzene...

Although we do not really understand completely how petroleum deposits were formed, they most likely came from the remains of marine organisms living over 500 million years ago. Petroleum is composed of hydrocarbon compounds (which contain only carbon and hydrogen). Carbon is a unique element in that it can produce chains of atoms in a molecule of different lengths. Table 4.4 gives the names and formulas of some simple hydrocarbons. Natural gas is associated with petroleum deposits and consists mainly of methane with some ethane, propane, and butane mixed in. 

Key point. Organic compounds are classified by functional groups, which determine their chemistry. The names of organic compounds are derived from the functional group (or groups) and the main carbon chain. From the name, the structure of organic compounds can be drawn using full structural formulae,... 

Organic Compounds and Names and Formulas of Alkanes are labeled as Extended Topics. 

We assumed that the reaction process of gasification has been divided for convenience into two categories, namely partial oxidation and secondary reaction. Coal is converted into H2, CO, CO2, and H2O by the reaction with O2 and H2O. Most solid-gas reactions except for hydrogenation described later are classified in it. In secondary reaction step, the gas produced by partial oxidation changes its composition by shift reaction and formation of organic compounds. We transform standard reaction formula (24) mathematically according to both steps mentioned above and derived a formula having the same form of formula (1). 

The vastness of organic chemistry necessitates that there be a system of organization for the naming and grouping of compounds according to their functions. This system is called the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) system and uses prefixes that indicate the number of carbon atoms present in a molecular formula (Table 13.1). Memorizing these prefixes will be helpful to you. 

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